Two and Four Stroke Engines: Fast and Simple Answers.

Many years ago when I got hooked by motorcycles, I started to hear a lot about two and four stroke engines... It seemed there were (and there still are) strong opinions in pro and con of each of the engine types. As Internet wasn't available, and as I was worried about other aspects or motorcycle riding back then, I left that question unanswered for a long time. If this is your case or if your are interested in these two kind of internal combustion engines, in the next few lines I hope to give you a few fast answers and some resources to get more in depth information. Just keep reading... Here are some facts about two and four stroke engines: TWO STROKE ENGINES Cycle - Two Strokes: 1. Compression (intake+compression) 2. Combustion (combustion+exhaust) Take a look at the cycle in: http://science.howstuffworks.com/two-stroke2.htm Advantages of two stroke engines: * The engine fires - spark plug ignites - once every revolution of the crankshaft. * They produce twice the power than four stroke engines. * They are much simpler than four stroke engines. Fewer parts to worry about. Disadvantages: * You have to mix two stroke engine oil with gas, and depending on your consumption, this might be expensive. * They last less. Lubrication is not as efficient as in a four stroke engine with heavy oil. * Do not use gas efficiently. * Pollute more. FOUR STROKE ENGINES Cycle - Four Strokes: 1. Intake 2. Compression 3. Combustion 4. Exhaust Take a look at the cycle in: http://science.howstuffworks.com/engine4.htm Advantages of four stroke engines: * Last longer than two stroke engines * More efficient use of gas * Pollute less than two stroke engines Disadvantages: * More complicated. Many more parts to worry about. * Half as powerful as two stroke engines (for equivalent engines) * Fires once every two revolutions. If you want to learn more about two stroke and four stroke engines, take a look at the pages I mention above. You will find extensive information and diagrams that will solve all of your doubts. Well I hope this gave you some basic information and helped you answer some FAQ about two and four stroke engines! :-) Source : http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/41/cars/two_and_four_stroke_engines_fast_and_simple_answers.html © 2011 Streetdirectory

A longtime Ford fan starts to worry

FORTUNE -- Disenchantment with American institutions like big business seems to be at an all-time high. So what is a Ford Motor retiree doing spending $15,000 of his own money to praise his former employer and its top management? The answer is in a 500-page self-published book, "Ford Motor Company: The greatest corporate turnaround in U.S history," which amplifies nearly every positive remark about Ford (F, Fortune 500) that has appeared in print in the past four years. It is a remarkable exercise in hagiography. So what does the author have to say when the Ford juggernaut loses a few RPMs, as it did earlier this week when profits slipped and reliability measures cratered? Does he see them, as many analysts do, as mere blips on the road to an enduring prosperity -- and restoration of the common stock dividend? Surprisingly, no. He sees trouble ahead in the form of deteriorating quality, millions of recalls, a growing labor cost disadvantage versus the transplants, and losses in Europe. Accurate or not, the book and its author are a reminder that auto industry has a way of making hash of the most informed predictions. Its annals are filled with examples of results that defied earlier forecasts -- both on the upside and the downside. The lead times in publishing make it that authors of books are particularly prone to spectacularly bad calls in this cyclical industry prone to unpredictable reversals of fortune. I think of it as the Halberstam phenomenon, in honor of the late journalist David Halberstam, who spent five years reporting a book on the auto industry in the U.S. and Japan. He published his findings in 1986 in "The Reckoning " when Nissan (NSANY) was on a roll due to its splendid management and diligent workers and Ford was in decline and was seen as morally bankrupt. It was a well-documented theory -- except that Ford was about to revive itself with SUVs and trucks while Nissan reversed its climb and began to spiral downward, leading to its eventual rescue at the hands of Carlos Ghosn. Nobody criticized Halberstam for his reporting; his book had just been outrun by events. Today of course, Chairman Bill Ford and CEO Alan Mulally have been showered with adulation since Ford refused a government bailout, dodged bankruptcy and returned to profitability. They have been lionized in numerous magazine articles and books, including, most recently, "Once upon a car" by New York Times reporter Bill Vlasic. Coming in March is another book: "American Icon: Alan Mulally and The Fight to Save Ford Motor Company" by Bryce Hoffman of the Detroit News. It is said to have been based on 600 interviews, most of whose subjects, it seems fair to guess from the title, will be adding their applause to the Mulally claque. How's Mulally doing lately? Consumer Reports writes in its November issue that "Three new or redesigned models-the Explorer, Fiesta and Focus-had below-average reliability in their first year. We have often found that new or revamped models have more problems in their first year than in subsequent model years. Ford's problems underscore our advice to hold off buying a new car in its first year." As for those third-quarter earnings, the overall decline of two cents a share wasn't earthshaking, but Ford got punished, its shares falling 81 cents, or 6.5%, at one point. Which brings us to one Gerhard Geyer, author and publisher. Geyer describes himself as having been an executive at Ford for 30 years in business planning, corporate strategy, business development, product planning, divestitures, joint ventures and licensing deals, including a few years as director of Ford Aerospace. He admits that many chapters in his book "sound like they were written by a paid Ford agent." In fact, Geyer says he received no help from Ford and based his research entirely on newspaper clips, magazine articled and books, including my pieces for Fortune. Given his investment in time and money, you would expect Geyer to be an unabashed fan. Indeed, he describes Mulally as appearing to be "a direct descendant of the Great King Solomon" and calls Ford (perhaps confusing it with Merrill Lynch) "the unstoppable thundering herd." Later he limns Mulally as the historical equivalent of Churchill, Gandhi and Vince Lombardi, and identifies 53 ways that he has improved Ford, including culture, reputation and morale. But Geyer sees trouble ahead . When Ford's public relations department denied him help for his research, Geyter detected evidence of "arrogance, cockiness and self-delusion" -- the "euphoria of invincibility." He goes on: "Will Ford again be blinded by success? I am convinced that they are starting to believe in their own press notices and propaganda. This could eventually bring down to Ford to earth, and we start the entire cycle of destruction again." As he told Fortune: "It may sound neurotic, but the Consumer Reports news will hopefully wake up the Ford team and bring them back to earth quickly from their euphoric state." We'll see whether it does, or whether Ford and those who write about it become another victim of the Halberstam effect. To top of page. Source : © 2011 Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. All Rights Reserved.

http://www.bestarmotor.com

Company Introduction Bestar is the leading professional supplier of sports vehicle and recreational items. Product ranges include Electric bicycle, Scooter, Skateboard, Golf cart, Golf trolley, Mobility scooter, Water scooter, Jet ski, Snowmobile, ATV(quad), Go kart(buggy), Utility vehicle(UTV), Electric car, Tricycle, Motorcycle, Chopper, Gas bicycle, Dirt bike, Pocket bike, RC Model Car and many more. Bestar is one of the largest and best-established sports vehicle suppliers in East China. Bestar has grown into a reputable company over the last 9 years as it expanded its market into most European countries as well as America and Japan, by placing a high priority on the development of new products and continuous quality improvement. We ensure the highest quality by using only the highest quality raw materials and by subjecting all our products to a rigorous Quality Control System. The quality control of our large-scale production process conforms to ISO9001 standards. All core components of our products, such as chargers, batteries, motors and controllers are CE or UL approved and certified. At BESTAR we have won the trust of our clients with our top quality products and outstanding service. Our business is built on the following four advantages, namely Full range of products, Top quality, Outstanding service and Reasonable price! Contact us at once and let's do mutually beneficial business together! Bestar Motor is the leading professional supplier of sports vehicle & related products. Product ranges include Electric bicycle, Scooter, Skateboard, Golf cart, Golf trolley, Mobility scooter, Water scooter, Jet ski, Snowmobile, ATV(quad), Go kart(buggy), Utility vehicle(UTV), Electric car, Tricycle, Motorcycle, Chopper, Gas bicycle, Dirt bike, Pocket bike, RC Model Car and many more. To see full range of our products, please enter our product page. Contact Us Company: NINGBO BESTAR CO., LTD Email: motor@bestargroup.com scooter@cnool.net Fax: 0086-574-8788 2882 Phone: 0086-574-8739 0828 Key contact: Mr. Clive Cell: 0086-138 0589 1601 Copyright © BESTAR, 2006. privacy policy

http://www.honda.com/newsandviews/article

Honda Achieves Its Best-Ever Result in 2011 J.D. Power and Associates Initial Quality Study 6/23/2011 4:59:00 PM Honda leads industry with seven segment-leading models, more than any other brand The Honda brand earned its best-ever ranking in J.D. Power and Associates' Initial Quality StudySM (IQS) for 2011, finishing second among all surveyed brands, including premium makes, the company announced today. Honda also led the industry with seven models earning the highest initial quality ranking in their respective segments, including its top-selling Accord and Civic models. The Acura brand finished third overall in the 2011 IQS. In the manufacturing realm, the 2011 study recognized three Honda plants for superior quality, including Honda's newest U.S. auto plant in Greensburg, Ind. Honda Manufacturing of Indiana, producing the Civic Sedan, was one of only three plants around the world to earn the Platinum Plant Quality Award. The Suzuka, Japan plant, line 1, earned a Silver Plant Quality Award, Asia Pacific (tie), for production of Civic and Insight, while the East Liberty, Ohio, plant took home a Bronze Plant Quality Award, North/South America, for production of the Accord Crosstour, CR-V and Element. "Creating products of the highest quality and value is the foundation of our business, and it begins with a deep understanding of the customer," said Tetsuo Iwamura, president & CEO of American Honda Motor Co., Inc. "These results are an important demonstration of our focus on the customer and the tireless efforts put forth by Honda associates throughout our organization—in R&D, in manufacturing and in sales—to exceed their high expectations of Honda and Acura." Of the seven Honda models earning the highest initial quality score in their segment – the most segment leaders of any brand – five were manufactured in North America: the Civic (compact car); the Element (compact crossover SUV—followed by the CR-V in second place); the Accord (midsize car); the Accord Crosstour (midsize crossover SUV); and the Ridgeline (midsize pickup). Those five models were joined on the 2011 segment leader list by the Insight hybrid (compact car, tie) and Honda Fit (sub-compact car). Honda automobiles made in North America are produced using domestic and globally-sourced parts. J.D. Power and Associates' Initial Quality Study serves as an important tool for consumers in evaluating the quality and design of new vehicles. Since 1987, J.D. Power and Associates has been surveying owners to measure the initial quality of new vehicles after the first 90 days of ownership. Honda media contacts: Chris Martin (American Honda): (310) 783-3164, chris_martin@ahm.honda.com Ron Lietzke (Honda of America Mfg.): (937) 644-6627, ron_lietzke@ham.honda.com Anita Sipes (Honda Mfg. of Indiana): (812) 560-8535, anita_sipes@hmin.honda.com Mark Morrison (Honda Mfg. of Alabama): (205) 355-5136, mark_morrison@hma.honda.com Edward Miller (Honda in Detroit): (313) 202-3150, ed_miller@ahm.honda.com Connect with Honda: Honda News & Views: http://www.honda.com/news Honda Multimedia Newsroom (For Media Only): http://www.hondanews.com ASIMO on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/asimo ASIMO on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/asimo Honda on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/honda Honda on Flickr: http://www.flickr.com/hondanews Honda Web Site: http://www.honda.com ©2011 American Honda Motor Co., Inc. All information contained herein applies to U.S. products only. Please see our Privacy Policy and Legal Terms and Conditions.

http://www.republika.co.id

Mobil Berusia 127 Tahun Laku Rp 40 Miliar Rabu, 12 Oktober 2011 07:47 WIB REPUBLIKA.CO.ID,JAKARTA--Kendaraan roda empat paling tua yang menggunakan tenaga uap terjual dengan harga 4,6 juta dolar atau sekitar Rp 40miliar. Mobil bernama The De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux Dos-a-Dos Steam Runabout atau biasa disebut "La Marquise", dibuat di Prancis tahun 1884. Kendaraan itu laku dalam lelang pada akhir pekan lalu di Hershey, Pennsylvania. Menurut rumah lelang RM Auctions, kendaraan itu bisa ngebut hingga 61km/jam dan sepanjang 127 umurnya, dia hanya empat kali berganti pemilik. Pemilik terakhir adalah mendiang kolektor John O'Quinn yang membelinya tahun 2007 seharga 3,5 juta dolar.Nama pemilik baru tidak disebutkan. Kendaraan itu merupakan peserta balap mobil pertama tahun 1887. Media di AS melaporkan bahwa ada satu kendaraan di National Motor Museum of Britain yang merupakan kendaraan tertua. Tapi, kendaraan buatan Inggris tahun 1875 oleh Robert Neville Grenville hanya punya tiga roda dan harus ada satu orang khusus untuk mengurus ketel. De Dion-Bouton dibuat untuk Count De Dion dan "La Marquise" adalah nama ibu si pemilik. Sumber : © REPUBLIKA COMPANY

http://www.serayamotor.com

Penampilan mobil Kancil di jalur-jalur padat Kota Jakarta ternyata banyak mengundang minat warga Ibu Kota yang melihatnya. Mulai hanya sekadar ingin merasakan menumpang mobil mungil ini, sampai yang berpikir untuk memilikinya sebagai kendaraan pribadi. Dengan harga sekitar Rp 40 juta, harapan bagi mereka yang ingin meningkatkan kelas dari sepeda motor ke kendaraan yang bisa melindungi badan dari terpaan angin, hujan, maupun terik Matahari pun meningkat. Apalagi, kalau dipoles lebih halus, Kancil dapat menjadi kendaraan alternatif bagi mereka yang sudah memiliki kendaraan roda empat. Bagi mereka yang gemar memodifikasi kendaraan, mulai dari cat, aksesori hingga mesin, "menggarap" Kancil tentu bisa lebih menarik. Kecepatan maksimum 60 kilometer per jam akan bisa ditingkatkan meski untuk kondisi seperti di Jakarta yang padat kecepatan rendah memang bukan masalah. Dalam kondisi harga bahan bakar yang terus melambung, tentu akan lebih menarik jika kendaraan mungil 400 cc ini dirancang hemat bahan bakar. Bahkan, jika negara mau ikut campur, bisa ditingkatkan menjadi Kancil biru, yaitu dengan menggunakan bahan bakar gas alam atau bahkan menjadi kendaraan listrik. Alternatif-alternatif yang menarik ini tampaknya memang kurang dipikirkan pengelola negeri ini. Bukan hanya bagaimana mengurangi ketergantungan pada BBM, tetapi juga ketergantungan pada negara lain dengan impor kendaraan. Jika benar Kancil itu orisinal dikembangkan perusahaan dalam negeri, pantas jika produknya disebut sebagai mobil nasional (mobnas). Sejarahnya tentu berbeda dengan yang pernah terjadi pada mobil Timor yang sampai saat ini tidak berkelanjutan lagi. KESAN pertama dan yang utama seandainya Kancil bisa menjadi mobil pribadi adalah semakin penuhnya kota seperti Jakarta ini. Dengan kendaraan yang notabene dibuat negara asing saja sekarang sudah sulit mencari jalan-jalan yang nyaman. Tetapi, apakah mobil murah lalu tidak boleh ada di kota yang sudah penuh sesak ini? Apakah tidak boleh negeri ini membangun kendaraannya sendiri meski membuat motor saja tidak pernah dilakukan. Yang menarik adalah mengapa pihak produsen mobil Kancil sejak awal justru hanya menginginkan membentuk brand image kendaraan umum khas Indonesia. Bahkan, secara tegas mereka mengungkapkan konsep Kancil mereka ciptakan untuk kendaraan umum dan niaga saja. Bukankah ini justru merupakan sikap yang mengarah pada monopoli pengadaan kendaraan? Memang terasa aneh jika pada era seperti sekarang masih ada keinginan untuk memonopoli jenis kendaraan umum. Seharusnya bukan merek atau jenis kendaraan keluaran produsen tertentu yang boleh menggantikan kendaraan yang dianggap tidak sesuai lagi. Bajaj yang diincar untuk digantikan Kancil sebenarnya juga bukan "asli" Indonesia. Sangat tidak bijaksana apabila nanti ada surat keputusan dari siapa pun untuk menggantikan Bajaj dengan kendaraan tertentu jenis lain. Seharusnya yang pertama perlu dipikirkan adalah bagaimana melindungi udara di Jakarta atau kota-kota besar lainnya di Indonesia. Jika Bajaj tidak bersahabat dengan lingkungan, karena menggunakan mesin dua tak (langkah), harus dicari kendaraan yang lebih baik dan ini harus dilakukan secara bertahap, bukan dengan semena-mena. Tentu bukan hanya kendaraan mungil serupa yang diproduksi perusahaan tertentu, tetapi juga buatan pabrik lain yang memenuhi syarat lebih akrab dengan lingkungan. Katakanlah Bajaj Biru yang menggunakan bahan bakar alternatif seperti gas alam, bisa juga kendaraan mungil bermotor listrik. Yang menarik adalah seperti yang dilakukan Swiss dengan program kemitraan yang disebut SwissEnergi. Program ini bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan upaya pengefisienan energi dan penggunaan energi yang baru. Dengan petunjuk dari Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) program ini mendukung proyek-proyek riset yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi konsumsi energi. Salah satu fokusnya adalah kendaraan hibrida (campuran mesin bensin dengan mesin listrik). Selain itu, juga upaya mengurangi berat kendaraan akan sangat efektif untuk merendahkan konsumsi energi. Memang biasanya yang bisa dipaksa untuk mempergunakan kendaraan alternatif adalah kendaraan umum, terutama yang dikelola oleh pemerintah. Namun, apabila hal ini memungkinkan dan diterima masyarakat, mengapa tidak dilepas untuk bisa dimiliki masyarakat luas secara pribadi. Bahkan, perusahaan otomotif di negara-negara seperti Eropa juga mengembangkan jenis kendaraan mungil ini untuk kebutuhan pribadi. Tentu saja dengan model-model yang menarik. Tidak mustahil dalam waktu dekat kendaraan yang model dan bentuknya mirip dengan Kancil juga menyerbu Indonesia. Kendaraan mungil bukan hanya lebih murah dan rendah konsumsi bahan bakar, tetapi juga hanya sedikit memakan badan jalan dan sesuai untuk fisik orang Indonesia
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t0mc4t

Post subject: Posted: 24 Mar 2005, 22:47

Administrator Joined: 08 Aug 2002, 16:07 Posts: 1472 Location: Surabaya  Jump to:  Select a forum ------------------ Common Topics    Lost Section    Common Topics of Cars or Automotive    Common Topics of Motorcycle    Events News    Suggestion Corner    Polling Corner    Review Corner    Business Corner Car Topics    Sedan Types    Pickup Types    Minibus / Station Types    SUV (2WD/4WD) Types    MPV Types    Sport (car) Types    Other (car) Types Motorcycle Topics    Moped Types    Sport (mcycle) Types    Scooter Types    Other (mcycle) Types Modification Corner    4Wheels or More Modification       Specific Vehicle       Engine & Exhaust System       Interior Design and Accessories       Body and Wheels       Audio Video & Electricity System       Others    2Wheels Modification.       Specific Bike       Engine & Exhaust System       Body Works       Bike/Driver Accessories       Others    Show Off Affiliates    Cihampelas Motor    CS Lighting    Monza Autosport Automotive Clubs    [AIC] - Aerio Indonesia Club    Altis Community    [i-LOC] - Indonesian Livina Owners Community       About i-LOC       i-LOC Event & News       i-LOC Modification & Problem Solving       i-LOC General Chat Free Topics    Public's Lounge    Business Lounge Forum Information    News and Information   Powered by phpBB® Forum Software © phpBB Group

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BMW Z8 $130,645

The BMW Z8 is a car that has polarized the automotive press. Some love the car for its smooth, easy-to-drive accessibility--the thing that makes autos like the modern Jags such a pleasure. Others feel it's too softly sprung and not "immediate" enough--it doesn't feel as if it's as engaged with the road as a lot of other exotic sports cars are.

We can understand both camps but tend to side with the former crowd, because the Z8 makes you feel like a champion driver without forcing you to break a sweat every time you go for a spin.

In fact, that's the BMW DNA at work in the Z8, for just about every BMW gets progressively more sporty the harder you drive it, but never beats you up if you just want to cruise at a more stately pace.

And even though the Z8 gets the very hot, 394-horsepower V-8 from the BMW M5 (about 60 more hp than you'll find in the BMW M3), there's nothing violent about the on-rush of power that comes from under the hood. Torque is there in a downshift whenever you want it, but the rest of the time power is almost seamless--think, and you're passing someone at 95 on the expressway.

You could almost accuse the Z8 of being lazy for that reason, but not when you throw it hard into a turn, where its excellent aluminum suspension and chassis flex and respond in kind to the pace you've set, and its taut rack and pinion steering transmits just enough information back to your hands for you to respond in kind to the road. Here the Z8 becomes alive and thrilling.

Granted, if you can afford this car, you might as well have the GT2 Porsche, but that's not where we'd say the competition is coming from, since the BMW is so much more relaxed and easier to drive daily. Rather, that Maserati Spyder we mentioned as an alternative to the Jaguar XKR 100 seems like a fair alternative to the Z8 as well, and for considerably less money. Thing is, the BMW has the coolest interior of the bunch, the Maserati gets the best-sounding engine this side of a Ferrari and the Jag is the sexiest. Can't buy all three? Time to go for a few test drives, then. 7                                                                                                                                                                   

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How Catalytic Converters वर्क?

There are millions of cars on the road in the United States, and each one is a source of air pollution. Especially in large cities, the amount of pollution that all the cars produce together can create big problems.

To solve those problems, cities, states and the federal government create clean-air laws that restrict the amount of pollution that cars can produce. Over the years, automakers have made many refinements to car engines and fuel systems to keep up with these laws. One of these changes came about in 1975 with an interesting device called a catalytic converter. The job of the catalytic converter is to convert harmful pollutants into less harmful emissions before they ever leave the car's­ exhaust system.
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Catalytic converters are amazingly simple devices, so it is incredible to see how big an impact they have. In this article, you will learn which pollutants are produced by an engine and how a catalytic converter deals with each of these pollutants to help reduce vehicle emissions.



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Pollutants Produced by a Car Engine
catalytic converter in a car
The location of a catalytic converter in a car.

In order to reduce emissions, modern car engines carefully control the amount of fuel they burn. They try to keep the air-to-fuel ratio very close to the stoichiometric point, which is the ideal ratio of air to fuel. Theoretically, at this ratio, all of the fuel will be burned using all of the oxygen in the air. For gasoline, the stoichiometric ratio is about 14.7:1, meaning that for each pound of gasoline, 14.7 pounds of air will be burned. The fuel mixture actually varies from the ideal ratio quite a bit during driving. Sometimes the mixture can be lean (an air-to-fuel ratio higher than 14.7), and other times the mixture can be rich (an air-to-fuel ratio lower than 14.7).

The main emissions of a car engine are:

Nitrogen gas (N2) - Air is 78-percent nitrogen gas, and most of this passes right through the car engine.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - This is one product of combustion. The carbon in the fuel bonds with the oxygen in the air.
Water vapor (H2O) - This is another product of combustion. The hydrogen in the fuel bonds with the oxygen in the air.

Are lawn mowers next?
Gallon for gallon, new lawn mower engines contribute 93 times more smog-forming emissions than new cars. It's no wonder that the EPA and the state regulators of California are trying hard to get golf ball-sized catalytic converters into lawn mower and other small engines. However, just like in the 1970s, the lawmakers are being met with a powerful lobby. Briggs & Stratton, the leading manufacturer of small engines, says that these regulations would make for an unsafe product that emits too much heat. Four smaller lawn mower engine manufacturers have refuted this charge. Briggs & Stratton also contends that the overheating could cause brush fires if the mowers are left running and sitting still. California democrats and the EPA think it has more to do with the bottom line. Pending regulations proposed in California could reduce emissions by the equivalent of 800,000 cars per day [source: Barringer].

These emissions are mostly benign, although carbon dioxide emissions are believed to contribute to global warming. Because the combustion process is never perfect, some smaller amounts of more harmful emissions are also produced in car engines. Catalytic converters are designed to reduce all three:

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas that is colorless and odorless.
Hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major component of smog produced mostly from evaporated, unburned .fuel.
Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, together called NOx) are a contributor to smog and acid rain, which also causes irritation to human mucus membranes.

In the next section, we'll look at exactly what goes on inside the catalytic converter.
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Advanced Biofuels

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Develops Technology to Locally Produce Ethanol From Rice and Barley Straw
Date Posted: April 21, 2011

Tokyo—Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has successfully established technology to produce ethanol for automobile fuel, satisfying the standards of the Japanese Automotive Standards Organization (JASO), from lignocellulose (soft cellulose) such as rice straw and barley straw.

Verification of the technology has been conducted as a joint project involving the government, academia, and the agricultural and industrial sectors in Hyogo Prefecture, supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), to study effective utilization of lignocellulose.

During the technological verification at a demonstration plant, the estimated fuel cost required for commercial-scale ethanol production was also confirmed to achieve the targeted goal.

Going forward MHI will endeavor to develop the results of the project into early commercialization of bio-refinery technology in cooperation with companies and organizations concerned.

The demonstration project to produce cellulosic bioethanol has been under way since 2008 jointly with the Hyogo Prefectural Government, the Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association (HEAA) and other entities.

MHI jointly with Hakutsuru Sake Brewing Co., Ltd. and Kansai Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. was responsible for verification of the bioethanol production processes.

Initially, each of the three participating companies took charge of specific areas based on their expertise and conducted verification testing at their own research facility.

Next, starting in December 2009 the entire process to produce ethanol from lignocellulose was verified at a demonstration plant built specifically for the project at MHI's Futami Plant in Hyogo.

Rice and barley straws, the feedstocks, were provided by a local farmers association.

HEAA, the Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and Mitsubishi Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd. were responsible for the verification of effective technologies relating to feedstock collection, transportation and storage.

Among the various production processes, MHI was responsible for preprocessing and saccharification, Hakutsuru Sake Brewing for fermentation, and Kansai Chemical Engineering for distillation and dehydration.

For preprocessing and saccharification, MHI adopted a hydrothermal treatment system that enables continuous processing of feedstocks; MHI made improvements to the technologies, which were jointly developed with the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

The new system can produce the sugar component, which is the raw material of ethanol, more efficiently than by conventional methods, using only hot compressed water and enzyme.

The demonstration testing focused on the system's performance stability and continuous operatability and on optimization of the amount of enzyme to be applied.

In conjunction with the fermentation process, Hakutsuru Sake Brewing, in cooperation with Kobe University, established a technology to convert sugar originating from rice and barley straws into ethanol by use of yeasts.

The yeasts are selected from those actually in use or those bred with non genetically modified organism (Non-GMO) technology.

Kansai Chemical Engineering verified distillation and dehydration technologies for producing bioethanol that satisfies automotive fuel standards.

The technologies involve use of a new type of distillation column developed by the company which enables longer continuous operation than conventional systems, and a liquid phase adsorption type dehydration unit that enables processing with less energy than existing gas phase types.

The results of these various tests confirmed that biofuel satisfying JASO standards can be produced continuously, and they validated optimal operation conditions when using rice and barley straws as feedstocks.

At the same time, based on the verification results, the bioethanol production cost was estimated for a commercial-scale plant to be built in Hyogo Prefecture.

It was confirmed that total running costs from collection and transportation of feedstocks to ethanol production can be achieved below the target of 90 yen per liter.

The project's technologies for producing biofuel from lignocellulose have been drawing high expectations from various quarters as a means not only to provide an alternative energy source to fossil fuels, but also to resolve problems involving competition between food and energy that can trigger grain price hikes, and to make effective use of unused biomass resources that can be a source of greenhouse gas emissions such as methane.

Various obstacles including low productivity and large energy consumption for production had been confronted in this field, however, this results verified through the demonstration project make significant progress toward addressing and resolving these issues.

Furthermore, the technology for extracting sugar from lignocellulose verified by MHI has been drawing attention not only for its feasible application to ethanol production but also as a technology applicable to the production of basic material for bio-plastics.

These verification results from the demonstration plant are thus expected to attract attention globally.

MHI now plans to make the demonstration plant used in this project available to other business operators in Japan and abroad who are developing applications of feedstock material other than straw and targeting production of non-ethanol products.

Going forward the company will continue its pursuit of early establishment of technologies for commercial-scale bio-refinery, including bioethanol, and it will seek order receipts for both experimental and commercial systems based on its proprietary technologies in cooperation with companies and organizations concerned.

For more information, visit http://www.mhi.co.jp/en/index.html.

See Related Websites/Articles:

MHI

more ADVANCED BIOFUELS...
Advanced Biofuels

Oklahoma State University Nears Completion on Biosciences Research Center in Ardmore (Forbes)
Algae Biofuels Companies Diversify Into Renewable Chemicals and Other Product Markets (Forbes)
Analysis: Algae Could Solve World's Fuel Problems (Spiegel)
Canada-Israel Foundation Awards Rosetta Green Development Funding For Enhanced Biofuel Crops
Aeromexico Completes Transatlantic Biofuel Flight (Channel 6)
USDA Weekly National Biomass Energy Report
Illinois Biomass Working Group Forms to Study Near-Term Uses For Biomass in State
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Partners Develop New Catalyst For Biomass Ethanol Production
WA Sen. Cantwell: Pacific Northwest Poised to Lead Aviation Biofuels Industry
Codexis and Chemtex Partner to Develop Sustainable Alcohols For Household Products Market

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Motor Makin ngibrit dengan Oli Castrol Power 1

PRODUSEN oli terkemuka, Castrol, terus meningkatkan kualitas produknya demi kepuasan pelanggan setianya. Oleh karenanya, PT. Castrol Indonesia meluncurkan Castrol Power 1 dengan formulasi baru yang didesain khusus bagi pengguna motor yang membutuhkan performa tinggi.

Produk terbaru Castrol ini telah dilengkapi Formula Power Release. Castrol Power 1 diklaim dapat meningkatkan akselerasi sekaligus melindungi mesin sepeda motor dan memastikan dapat berlari lebih laju.

"Semua varian produk Castrol Power 1 baik untuk motor 4 tak jenis bebek maupun sport dan juga skuter matik telah disesuaikan dengan rancangan industri motor terkini, sehingga mampu memberikan performa superior serta perlindungan secara menyeluruh baik dr mesin, kopling dan girboks." ujar Augustnine Adrianto, MCO Marketing Manager PT. Castrol Indonesia.

Castrol Power 1 telah melewati sejumlah tes khusus demi memenuhi standar terbaik. Sehingga mampu memberikan perlindungan secara menyeluruh serta mengurangi gesekan pada mesin motor baik pada suhu panas maupun dingin.

Untuk pembuktian kehandalan oli ini castrol mensponsori tim balap untuk ajang WSBK lewat tim castrol Honda yang menggunakan Honda CBR 1000 RR Fire Blade.

Oli terbaru dari Castrol ini terdapat beberapa tipe seperti Castrol Power 1 Racing, 4T dan Scootek (khusus skuter matik). Untuk Castrol Power 1 Racing yang berbahan sintetis dibanderol Rp. 96 ribu.

Sementara Castrol Power 1 4T dan Scootek yang berbahan semi-sintetis dibanderol Rp. 36 ribu untuk ukuran 0,8 liter sedangkan 1 liter dihargai Rp. 42 ribu. Estimasi jarak tempuh untuk oli ini mencapai 4-5 ribu kilo meter. (uky)
Berita Terkait : Castrol Oli

Posma Wakili Castrol Indonesia Jajal Nurburgring
Castrol Adakan Kumpul Bersama Komunitas Motor
Mekanik Indonesia Gabung Jadi Kru Tim MotoGP
Kontes Mekanik Castrol Kembali Digelar

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To BuyYourCar

Find The Cheapest Nissan Patrol Engine

Cheap Replacement and Refurbished Patrol Car Engine in the UK

Welcome To BuyYourCar Spares

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and Van Parts and Spares from over 250 UK Car Breakers all over the UK.

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Engine

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Cars and motoring expenses: reclaiming VAT

When you buy a car you generally can't reclaim the VAT. There are some exceptions - for example, when the car is used mainly as one of the following:

* a taxi
* for driving instruction
* for self-drive hire

If you lease a car for business purposes you'll normally be able to reclaim 50 per cent of the VAT you pay. But you can reclaim 100 per cent of the VAT if the car is used as one of the following:

* exclusively for a business purpose
* a taxi, for driving instruction or self-drive hire

You can reclaim all the VAT charged on vehicle repairs and maintenance so long as:

* your business pays for the work
* there is some business use of the vehicle

You can generally recover the VAT on all other business motoring expenses like fleet management or off-street parking. There are special rules for reclaiming VAT on road fuel used for business purposes.

This guide tells you more about reclaiming VAT on cars and motoring expenses.

On this page:

* Reclaiming VAT when you buy a car
* Reclaiming VAT when you lease or hire a car
* VAT when you sell a car or end a lease
* Reclaiming VAT on repairs and maintenance
* Reclaiming VAT on other motoring expenses
* Reclaiming VAT on road fuel
* Reclaiming VAT on insurance claims
* More useful links

Reclaiming VAT when you buy a car

Generally you can't reclaim the VAT when you buy, import, or in some other way acquire a car. But there are some exceptions to this. You can reclaim all of the VAT if you meet one of these conditions:

* The car will be used exclusively for business purposes and you can show that it's not available for private use by your employees or anyone else. For example, your employees' contract of employment excludes private use including travel from home to the place of work.
* You intend to use the car mainly as a taxi, a driving school car or a self-drive hire car.
* You're a car dealer and the car will be part of your 'stock in trade' that you intend to sell within the next 12 months.

Check when you can reclaim VAT if you're a car dealer
Used cars

You might buy a used car from a dealer who sells it to you under the Margin Scheme for second-hand vehicles. The invoice you get won't show any VAT, so you can't reclaim any, no matter what you intend to use the car for.

If your invoice does show VAT then the car won't have been sold under the Margin Scheme. Unless the car meets one of the above conditions for reclaiming VAT, you won't be able to recover the VAT included on the invoice.
Commercial vehicles

You'll normally be able to reclaim the VAT on a commercial vehicle like a panel van or truck that you buy for use in your business, so long as you follow the normal rules for reclaiming VAT.

Find out what's classed as a car or commercial vehicle
Accessories

If you buy a car and you can't reclaim the VAT on it, you can't reclaim the VAT on any accessories that are fitted to it at the time of purchase either. This is because the accessories are considered to be part of a single supply of the car - for which the VAT can't be reclaimed.

If you later buy an accessory for a car that's owned by, or used in the business, you can only reclaim the VAT if the accessory has a business use.
Private use of a car bought for business use

If you were able to reclaim the VAT when you bought a car it's important to monitor how the vehicle is used. You'll have to account for and pay VAT - output tax - on the 'current value' of the car if it's no longer:

* used exclusively for business purposes
* used mainly as a taxi, driving school car or hire car (for example, its use as a taxi is less than 50 per cent of its total usage)
* a stock in trade car

The current value is the current purchase price of an identical or similar model.

More about accounting for VAT when you use something privately

Top
Reclaiming VAT when you lease or hire a car
Leased cars

If you lease a car for business use you'll normally be able to reclaim only 50 per cent of the VAT. This is because HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) considers that there'll be some private use of the vehicle.

But sometimes this 50 per cent limit doesn't apply. You can reclaim all the VAT if the leased car is any of these:

* a taxi that's hired out with a driver
* a driving school vehicle
* a self-drive hire car
* a car on which input tax has been blocked at an earlier stage
* exclusively for business use

Self-drive hire cars

If you hire a car just to replace a company car that's off the road, then you'll only be able to reclaim 50 per cent of the VAT on the hire charge.

But if you hire a car for another reason - perhaps you don't have a company car - then you can reclaim all the VAT so long as both of the following apply:

* you hire the car for no more than ten days
* you use it specifically for your business

VAT when you sell a car or end a lease

You'll need to consider the VAT position if you:

* sell a car on
* end a lease agreement early

VAT when you sell a car

You might decide to sell a car for which you were able to reclaim VAT - perhaps a pool car or a driving school vehicle. You'll have to charge VAT on the full selling price of the car and issue a VAT invoice to a VAT-registered buyer if they ask for one. You can't sell the car under the Margin Scheme for second-hand vehicles.

If you couldn't reclaim the VAT on the original purchase price of a car you bought new, you won't have to charge any VAT when you sell it - not even on your margin. This is because the sale of the car is exempt for VAT purposes.

If you bought a used car under the Margin Scheme for second-hand vehicles - this will be clearly indicated on the invoice - and you sell it for less than you purchased it for, no VAT is due. If you sell it for a profit, you can either charge VAT on the full sale price, or you can use the Margin Scheme and charge VAT only on the excess of the sale price over your purchase price.


Read about the second-hand Margin Scheme
VAT when you end a lease early

If you end a car leasing agreement early, you'll generally have to make a termination payment to your leasing company. You may also be entitled to a rental rebate. The leasing company can choose to treat both the termination payment and the rebate as either:

* taxable for VAT purposes
* outside the scope of VAT

If they choose to treat them as taxable, they'll generally set the amount of the rental rebate due to you against the amount of the termination payment and send you a VAT invoice for the difference. You can reclaim the full amount of the VAT even if you were only reclaiming 50 per cent of the leasing charges. This is because the termination payment isn't a rental charge.

If it turns out that the rental rebate due to you is more than the termination payment, the leasing company will send you a VAT credit note for the difference. If you were only getting back 50 per cent of the VAT on the leasing charges you can put through to your VAT account only 50 per cent of the VAT shown on the credit note.

Find out about keeping a VAT account

Top
Reclaiming VAT on repairs and maintenance

You can reclaim all the VAT you're charged on repairs and maintenance to a vehicle so long as:

* the vehicle is used to some extent for business purposes
* the business pays for the work to be done

It doesn't matter if the car is used for private motoring or if you've decided not to reclaim the VAT on road fuel for business travel.

But you can't reclaim the VAT on vehicle repairs and maintenance if you use the vehicle only for your own private motoring.

Top
Reclaiming VAT on other motoring expenses

You can generally reclaim the VAT you pay on all other business motoring expenses - like fleet management charges and off-street parking.

Remember that if you use your car for both business and private motoring you'll only be able to reclaim the VAT on the proportion that relates to business use.

Get information on apportioning VAT in a mixed business-private use
Car parking charges

Some car parking charges, for example in multi-storey car parks, include VAT at the standard rate. Other car parks may or may not include VAT - you'll have to check with the provider, or the receipt may indicate if VAT was charged - but there's no VAT on on-street parking meter charges.

Top
Reclaiming VAT on road fuel

If your business pays for road fuel, you can deal with the VAT charged on the fuel in one of four ways:

* Reclaim all of the VAT. You must use the fuel only for business purposes.
* Reclaim all of the VAT and pay the appropriate fuel scale charge - this is a way of accounting for output tax on fuel that your business buys but that's then used for private motoring.
* Reclaim only the VAT that relates to fuel used for business mileage. You'll need to keep detailed records of your business and private mileage.
* Not reclaim any VAT. This can be a useful option if your mileage is low and also if you use the fuel for both business and private motoring. If you choose this option you must apply it to all vehicles including commercial vehicles.

Get information on apportioning VAT in a mixed business-private use

Find out current and historical fuel scale charges
Flat Rate Scheme

If you're on the Flat Rate Scheme, the VAT on your fuel usage is already taken into account in the flat rate percentage for your sector. You don't claim back any VAT on fuel, and you don't use the fuel scale charge to pay VAT on fuel used for private motoring.

Top
Reclaiming VAT on insurance claims

If you have an insurance claim that involves goods or services that are liable for VAT, you'll normally be invoiced directly for the VAT element if you're VAT-registered. For example, a garage that carries out repair work on your car will invoice the insurance company for the cost of the work and parts excluding VAT. They'll invoice you separately for the VAT.

You can reclaim all the VAT on this invoice so long as the car is used for business purposes to some extent. This is because the work that's been done is part of the cost of running and maintaining your vehicle.

As part of settling your claim, your insurance company might supply you with other items apart from the repair work. For example, they may replace an accessory that was stolen or damaged. In some circumstances they might give you an invoice for the VAT on the item. You can only reclaim the VAT on the replacement if you were able to reclaim the VAT on the original purchase.

Top
More useful links

Find out more about cars and motoring expenses in VAT Notice 700/64

Top

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business transportation

Operating Lease

Long-term vehicle lease or Operating Lease is targeted to ease the needs of business transportation, so companies can focus on their core business. The transportation solution enjoyed by the customers is typically designed to cater the needs for the company’s business transportation.

Various types of vehicles provided are supplemented by the fleet management system supported by sophisticated information technology system. From the commercial vehicle to sedan of various brands, we serve the needs of various companies with various industrial backgrounds.

Benefits for efficient and effective business transportation that you can enjoy are :

1. Replacement car facility ensures smooth business activity by minimizing inefficiency of vehicle unavailability during break down or maintenance.
2. Third-party liabilities insurance protects you from any loss due to traffic accident, TRAC’s Emergency Service Team will assist you should accident occurs.
3. Astra-standard regular maintenance ensures your operational vehicles always in prime condition, handled by trained mechanics.
4. 24-Hour Customer Assistance Center ensures solution for your problem is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
5. Reservation Call Center provides you with convenient access for vehicle reservation throughout all TRAC’s operational areas.

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Mazda Cronos 2.5 thn 95th warna merah maroon, VR, PS, AC dingin Power Window, CL. Original yang cari mobil bagus Rp 40.000.000 . contact: umul .phone:087882913673 -Cilegon, Banten -indonesia
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Mazda Cronos thn 95th warna merah maroon, VR, PS, AC dingin Power Window, CL. Original yang cari mobil bagus Rp 40.000.000 . contact: umul .phone:087882913673 -Cilegon, Banten -indonesia
Cars date:10/1/11
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Mazda Cronos thn 95th warna merah maroon, VR, AC dingin, RT, Power Rp 40.000.000 . contact: .phone:087882913673 -Cilegon, Banten -indonesia
Cars date:10/1/11
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Isuzu PANTHER GRAND ROYALE 1997th DIJUAL SEGERA ISUZU PANTHER GRAND ROYALE 97, BODY ORISINIL, INTERIOR ORISINIL, PAJAK BARU, AC DOUBLE BLOWER,POWER,HARGA NEGO 73000000 . contact: tubil_similikit .phone:08121592082 -BANJARNEGARA -INDONESIA
Cars date:7/1/11
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Honda Civic vtis at hitam 01 bodi kaleng.th Civic vtis at hitam 01 bodi kaleng, interior paak 8, km 115rb, kondisi tinggal pakai saja, gakh ada perbaikan 117000000 . contact: steven .phone:02168811116 -jakarta -indonesia
Cars date:3/1/11
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BMW BMW X6 xDrive35i (2009)th Jual BMW X6 KM dibawah 5000 Silver Mulus 1750000000 . contact: Heru .phone:08161132939 -Tangerang -Indonesia
Cars date:18/12/10
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Mitsubishi KUDA STATION WGN 2000th Mobil berwana silver,Cat Orsibil Kondisi masih Bagus doble ace, 4 salon Rp.77.000.000 . contact: .phone:088803210930 -malang -Indonesia
Cars date:8/12/10
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Mitsubishi KUDA STATION WGN 2000th Mobil berwana silver,Cat Orsibil Kondisi masih Bagus doble ace, 4 salon Rp.77.000.000 . contact: .phone:088803210930 -malang -Indonesia
Cars date:8/12/10
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Mitsubishi KUDA STATION WGN 2000th Mobil berwana silver Rp.75.000.000 . contact: .phone:088803210930 -malang -Indonesia
Cars date:8/12/10
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Yamalube

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Seiring dengan lajunya perkembangan teknologi YAMAHA, serta meningkatnya kebutuhan konsumen terhadap pelumas yang berkualitas, YAMALUBE sebagai oli berstandar kualitas dari Yamaha Motor Co. Japan, diformulasi khusus untuk sepeda motor Yamaha, kini menghadirkan oli dengan teknologi terbaru.

Teknologi baru ini dikenal dengan XPEED TECHNOLOGY

X-TRA, sebuah keunggulan yang melebihi pelumas lainnya dan berkaitan dengan

performa mesin tinggi
PERFORMA MESIN TINGGI

P - Performance (Performa Mesin Lebih Tinggi). Yamalube baru menggunakan standar tingkat API service yang lebih tinggi (SJ / SL) dengan formula baru standar Yamaha Jepang sehingga dapat mengurangi penimbunan kerak sisa pembakaran dan mencegah keausan komponen mesin serta mengontrol oksidasi sehingga kerja mesin lebih optimal.

ramah lingkungan
RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

E - Environmental Friendly (Ramah Lingkungan). Peningkatan kualitas formula ini mampu memperpanjang jangka waktu penggunaan oli menjadi tahan lama, sehingga mengurangi pembuangan oli bekas pakai. Formula baru ini juga dapat mengurangi sisa karbon pembakaran yang mencemarkan udara.

penggunaan lebih efisien
PENGGUNAAN LEBIH EFISIEN

E - Efficiency (Efisien). Penggunaannya lebih efisien. Kekentalan oli yang pas serta tingkat penguapan rendah akan menghasilkan efisiensi penggunaan oli pada mesin sepeda motor.

tahan lama
TAHAN LAMA

D - Durability, (Tahan Lama). Formula baru ini mampu melindungi mesin lebih sempurna, sehingga menjadikan mesin lebih awet dan tahan lama.

Oli YAMALUBE dengan Teknologi XPEED, sebagai oli berstandar kualitas dari Yamaha Motor Co. Japan, dengan standar API Service SJ dan SL yang memiliki tingkat viskositas yang sesuai untuk sepeda motor YAMAHA anda. Uji kualitas yang telah dilakukan YAMALUBE dengan Teknologi XPEED melalui beberapa kriteria pengujian, diantaranya uji performa mesin, uji emisi gas serta uji efisiensi penggunaan oli. Berdasarkan fakta dari data uji kualitas tersebut, secara keseluruhan, formulasi baru YAMALUBE ber-Teknologi XPEED memiliki kualitas yang sangat memuaskan bila dibandingkan dengan pelumas sebelumnya

Yamalube 2T (Black)


Yamalube 4T (Silver)


Yamalube 4T (Gold)

Yamalube 2T (Black)
Rp. 25.000,-


Yamalube 4T (Silver)
Rp. 26.500,- (0.8 lt)
Rp. 29.000,- (1 lt)


Yamalube 4T (Gold)
Rp. 30.000,-

Yamalube Matic Oil


Yamalube Gear Oil


Yamalube Front Fork Oil

Yamalube Matic Oil
Rp. 27.000,-
Rp. 27.000,- (IML)


Yamalube Gear Oil
Rp. 8.000,-


Yamalube Front Fork Oil
Rp. 12.000,-


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