Two and Four Stroke Engines: Fast and Simple Answers.

Many years ago when I got hooked by motorcycles, I started to hear a lot about two and four stroke engines... It seemed there were (and there still are) strong opinions in pro and con of each of the engine types. As Internet wasn't available, and as I was worried about other aspects or motorcycle riding back then, I left that question unanswered for a long time. If this is your case or if your are interested in these two kind of internal combustion engines, in the next few lines I hope to give you a few fast answers and some resources to get more in depth information. Just keep reading... Here are some facts about two and four stroke engines: TWO STROKE ENGINES Cycle - Two Strokes: 1. Compression (intake+compression) 2. Combustion (combustion+exhaust) Take a look at the cycle in: http://science.howstuffworks.com/two-stroke2.htm Advantages of two stroke engines: * The engine fires - spark plug ignites - once every revolution of the crankshaft. * They produce twice the power than four stroke engines. * They are much simpler than four stroke engines. Fewer parts to worry about. Disadvantages: * You have to mix two stroke engine oil with gas, and depending on your consumption, this might be expensive. * They last less. Lubrication is not as efficient as in a four stroke engine with heavy oil. * Do not use gas efficiently. * Pollute more. FOUR STROKE ENGINES Cycle - Four Strokes: 1. Intake 2. Compression 3. Combustion 4. Exhaust Take a look at the cycle in: http://science.howstuffworks.com/engine4.htm Advantages of four stroke engines: * Last longer than two stroke engines * More efficient use of gas * Pollute less than two stroke engines Disadvantages: * More complicated. Many more parts to worry about. * Half as powerful as two stroke engines (for equivalent engines) * Fires once every two revolutions. If you want to learn more about two stroke and four stroke engines, take a look at the pages I mention above. You will find extensive information and diagrams that will solve all of your doubts. Well I hope this gave you some basic information and helped you answer some FAQ about two and four stroke engines! :-) Source : http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/41/cars/two_and_four_stroke_engines_fast_and_simple_answers.html © 2011 Streetdirectory

A longtime Ford fan starts to worry

FORTUNE -- Disenchantment with American institutions like big business seems to be at an all-time high. So what is a Ford Motor retiree doing spending $15,000 of his own money to praise his former employer and its top management? The answer is in a 500-page self-published book, "Ford Motor Company: The greatest corporate turnaround in U.S history," which amplifies nearly every positive remark about Ford (F, Fortune 500) that has appeared in print in the past four years. It is a remarkable exercise in hagiography. So what does the author have to say when the Ford juggernaut loses a few RPMs, as it did earlier this week when profits slipped and reliability measures cratered? Does he see them, as many analysts do, as mere blips on the road to an enduring prosperity -- and restoration of the common stock dividend? Surprisingly, no. He sees trouble ahead in the form of deteriorating quality, millions of recalls, a growing labor cost disadvantage versus the transplants, and losses in Europe. Accurate or not, the book and its author are a reminder that auto industry has a way of making hash of the most informed predictions. Its annals are filled with examples of results that defied earlier forecasts -- both on the upside and the downside. The lead times in publishing make it that authors of books are particularly prone to spectacularly bad calls in this cyclical industry prone to unpredictable reversals of fortune. I think of it as the Halberstam phenomenon, in honor of the late journalist David Halberstam, who spent five years reporting a book on the auto industry in the U.S. and Japan. He published his findings in 1986 in "The Reckoning " when Nissan (NSANY) was on a roll due to its splendid management and diligent workers and Ford was in decline and was seen as morally bankrupt. It was a well-documented theory -- except that Ford was about to revive itself with SUVs and trucks while Nissan reversed its climb and began to spiral downward, leading to its eventual rescue at the hands of Carlos Ghosn. Nobody criticized Halberstam for his reporting; his book had just been outrun by events. Today of course, Chairman Bill Ford and CEO Alan Mulally have been showered with adulation since Ford refused a government bailout, dodged bankruptcy and returned to profitability. They have been lionized in numerous magazine articles and books, including, most recently, "Once upon a car" by New York Times reporter Bill Vlasic. Coming in March is another book: "American Icon: Alan Mulally and The Fight to Save Ford Motor Company" by Bryce Hoffman of the Detroit News. It is said to have been based on 600 interviews, most of whose subjects, it seems fair to guess from the title, will be adding their applause to the Mulally claque. How's Mulally doing lately? Consumer Reports writes in its November issue that "Three new or redesigned models-the Explorer, Fiesta and Focus-had below-average reliability in their first year. We have often found that new or revamped models have more problems in their first year than in subsequent model years. Ford's problems underscore our advice to hold off buying a new car in its first year." As for those third-quarter earnings, the overall decline of two cents a share wasn't earthshaking, but Ford got punished, its shares falling 81 cents, or 6.5%, at one point. Which brings us to one Gerhard Geyer, author and publisher. Geyer describes himself as having been an executive at Ford for 30 years in business planning, corporate strategy, business development, product planning, divestitures, joint ventures and licensing deals, including a few years as director of Ford Aerospace. He admits that many chapters in his book "sound like they were written by a paid Ford agent." In fact, Geyer says he received no help from Ford and based his research entirely on newspaper clips, magazine articled and books, including my pieces for Fortune. Given his investment in time and money, you would expect Geyer to be an unabashed fan. Indeed, he describes Mulally as appearing to be "a direct descendant of the Great King Solomon" and calls Ford (perhaps confusing it with Merrill Lynch) "the unstoppable thundering herd." Later he limns Mulally as the historical equivalent of Churchill, Gandhi and Vince Lombardi, and identifies 53 ways that he has improved Ford, including culture, reputation and morale. But Geyer sees trouble ahead . When Ford's public relations department denied him help for his research, Geyter detected evidence of "arrogance, cockiness and self-delusion" -- the "euphoria of invincibility." He goes on: "Will Ford again be blinded by success? I am convinced that they are starting to believe in their own press notices and propaganda. This could eventually bring down to Ford to earth, and we start the entire cycle of destruction again." As he told Fortune: "It may sound neurotic, but the Consumer Reports news will hopefully wake up the Ford team and bring them back to earth quickly from their euphoric state." We'll see whether it does, or whether Ford and those who write about it become another victim of the Halberstam effect. To top of page. Source : © 2011 Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. All Rights Reserved.

http://www.bestarmotor.com

Company Introduction Bestar is the leading professional supplier of sports vehicle and recreational items. Product ranges include Electric bicycle, Scooter, Skateboard, Golf cart, Golf trolley, Mobility scooter, Water scooter, Jet ski, Snowmobile, ATV(quad), Go kart(buggy), Utility vehicle(UTV), Electric car, Tricycle, Motorcycle, Chopper, Gas bicycle, Dirt bike, Pocket bike, RC Model Car and many more. Bestar is one of the largest and best-established sports vehicle suppliers in East China. Bestar has grown into a reputable company over the last 9 years as it expanded its market into most European countries as well as America and Japan, by placing a high priority on the development of new products and continuous quality improvement. We ensure the highest quality by using only the highest quality raw materials and by subjecting all our products to a rigorous Quality Control System. The quality control of our large-scale production process conforms to ISO9001 standards. All core components of our products, such as chargers, batteries, motors and controllers are CE or UL approved and certified. At BESTAR we have won the trust of our clients with our top quality products and outstanding service. Our business is built on the following four advantages, namely Full range of products, Top quality, Outstanding service and Reasonable price! Contact us at once and let's do mutually beneficial business together! Bestar Motor is the leading professional supplier of sports vehicle & related products. Product ranges include Electric bicycle, Scooter, Skateboard, Golf cart, Golf trolley, Mobility scooter, Water scooter, Jet ski, Snowmobile, ATV(quad), Go kart(buggy), Utility vehicle(UTV), Electric car, Tricycle, Motorcycle, Chopper, Gas bicycle, Dirt bike, Pocket bike, RC Model Car and many more. To see full range of our products, please enter our product page. Contact Us Company: NINGBO BESTAR CO., LTD Email: motor@bestargroup.com scooter@cnool.net Fax: 0086-574-8788 2882 Phone: 0086-574-8739 0828 Key contact: Mr. Clive Cell: 0086-138 0589 1601 Copyright © BESTAR, 2006. privacy policy

http://www.honda.com/newsandviews/article

Honda Achieves Its Best-Ever Result in 2011 J.D. Power and Associates Initial Quality Study 6/23/2011 4:59:00 PM Honda leads industry with seven segment-leading models, more than any other brand The Honda brand earned its best-ever ranking in J.D. Power and Associates' Initial Quality StudySM (IQS) for 2011, finishing second among all surveyed brands, including premium makes, the company announced today. Honda also led the industry with seven models earning the highest initial quality ranking in their respective segments, including its top-selling Accord and Civic models. The Acura brand finished third overall in the 2011 IQS. In the manufacturing realm, the 2011 study recognized three Honda plants for superior quality, including Honda's newest U.S. auto plant in Greensburg, Ind. Honda Manufacturing of Indiana, producing the Civic Sedan, was one of only three plants around the world to earn the Platinum Plant Quality Award. The Suzuka, Japan plant, line 1, earned a Silver Plant Quality Award, Asia Pacific (tie), for production of Civic and Insight, while the East Liberty, Ohio, plant took home a Bronze Plant Quality Award, North/South America, for production of the Accord Crosstour, CR-V and Element. "Creating products of the highest quality and value is the foundation of our business, and it begins with a deep understanding of the customer," said Tetsuo Iwamura, president & CEO of American Honda Motor Co., Inc. "These results are an important demonstration of our focus on the customer and the tireless efforts put forth by Honda associates throughout our organization—in R&D, in manufacturing and in sales—to exceed their high expectations of Honda and Acura." Of the seven Honda models earning the highest initial quality score in their segment – the most segment leaders of any brand – five were manufactured in North America: the Civic (compact car); the Element (compact crossover SUV—followed by the CR-V in second place); the Accord (midsize car); the Accord Crosstour (midsize crossover SUV); and the Ridgeline (midsize pickup). Those five models were joined on the 2011 segment leader list by the Insight hybrid (compact car, tie) and Honda Fit (sub-compact car). Honda automobiles made in North America are produced using domestic and globally-sourced parts. J.D. Power and Associates' Initial Quality Study serves as an important tool for consumers in evaluating the quality and design of new vehicles. Since 1987, J.D. Power and Associates has been surveying owners to measure the initial quality of new vehicles after the first 90 days of ownership. Honda media contacts: Chris Martin (American Honda): (310) 783-3164, chris_martin@ahm.honda.com Ron Lietzke (Honda of America Mfg.): (937) 644-6627, ron_lietzke@ham.honda.com Anita Sipes (Honda Mfg. of Indiana): (812) 560-8535, anita_sipes@hmin.honda.com Mark Morrison (Honda Mfg. of Alabama): (205) 355-5136, mark_morrison@hma.honda.com Edward Miller (Honda in Detroit): (313) 202-3150, ed_miller@ahm.honda.com Connect with Honda: Honda News & Views: http://www.honda.com/news Honda Multimedia Newsroom (For Media Only): http://www.hondanews.com ASIMO on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/asimo ASIMO on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/asimo Honda on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/honda Honda on Flickr: http://www.flickr.com/hondanews Honda Web Site: http://www.honda.com ©2011 American Honda Motor Co., Inc. All information contained herein applies to U.S. products only. Please see our Privacy Policy and Legal Terms and Conditions.

http://www.republika.co.id

Mobil Berusia 127 Tahun Laku Rp 40 Miliar Rabu, 12 Oktober 2011 07:47 WIB REPUBLIKA.CO.ID,JAKARTA--Kendaraan roda empat paling tua yang menggunakan tenaga uap terjual dengan harga 4,6 juta dolar atau sekitar Rp 40miliar. Mobil bernama The De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux Dos-a-Dos Steam Runabout atau biasa disebut "La Marquise", dibuat di Prancis tahun 1884. Kendaraan itu laku dalam lelang pada akhir pekan lalu di Hershey, Pennsylvania. Menurut rumah lelang RM Auctions, kendaraan itu bisa ngebut hingga 61km/jam dan sepanjang 127 umurnya, dia hanya empat kali berganti pemilik. Pemilik terakhir adalah mendiang kolektor John O'Quinn yang membelinya tahun 2007 seharga 3,5 juta dolar.Nama pemilik baru tidak disebutkan. Kendaraan itu merupakan peserta balap mobil pertama tahun 1887. Media di AS melaporkan bahwa ada satu kendaraan di National Motor Museum of Britain yang merupakan kendaraan tertua. Tapi, kendaraan buatan Inggris tahun 1875 oleh Robert Neville Grenville hanya punya tiga roda dan harus ada satu orang khusus untuk mengurus ketel. De Dion-Bouton dibuat untuk Count De Dion dan "La Marquise" adalah nama ibu si pemilik. Sumber : © REPUBLIKA COMPANY

http://www.serayamotor.com

Penampilan mobil Kancil di jalur-jalur padat Kota Jakarta ternyata banyak mengundang minat warga Ibu Kota yang melihatnya. Mulai hanya sekadar ingin merasakan menumpang mobil mungil ini, sampai yang berpikir untuk memilikinya sebagai kendaraan pribadi. Dengan harga sekitar Rp 40 juta, harapan bagi mereka yang ingin meningkatkan kelas dari sepeda motor ke kendaraan yang bisa melindungi badan dari terpaan angin, hujan, maupun terik Matahari pun meningkat. Apalagi, kalau dipoles lebih halus, Kancil dapat menjadi kendaraan alternatif bagi mereka yang sudah memiliki kendaraan roda empat. Bagi mereka yang gemar memodifikasi kendaraan, mulai dari cat, aksesori hingga mesin, "menggarap" Kancil tentu bisa lebih menarik. Kecepatan maksimum 60 kilometer per jam akan bisa ditingkatkan meski untuk kondisi seperti di Jakarta yang padat kecepatan rendah memang bukan masalah. Dalam kondisi harga bahan bakar yang terus melambung, tentu akan lebih menarik jika kendaraan mungil 400 cc ini dirancang hemat bahan bakar. Bahkan, jika negara mau ikut campur, bisa ditingkatkan menjadi Kancil biru, yaitu dengan menggunakan bahan bakar gas alam atau bahkan menjadi kendaraan listrik. Alternatif-alternatif yang menarik ini tampaknya memang kurang dipikirkan pengelola negeri ini. Bukan hanya bagaimana mengurangi ketergantungan pada BBM, tetapi juga ketergantungan pada negara lain dengan impor kendaraan. Jika benar Kancil itu orisinal dikembangkan perusahaan dalam negeri, pantas jika produknya disebut sebagai mobil nasional (mobnas). Sejarahnya tentu berbeda dengan yang pernah terjadi pada mobil Timor yang sampai saat ini tidak berkelanjutan lagi. KESAN pertama dan yang utama seandainya Kancil bisa menjadi mobil pribadi adalah semakin penuhnya kota seperti Jakarta ini. Dengan kendaraan yang notabene dibuat negara asing saja sekarang sudah sulit mencari jalan-jalan yang nyaman. Tetapi, apakah mobil murah lalu tidak boleh ada di kota yang sudah penuh sesak ini? Apakah tidak boleh negeri ini membangun kendaraannya sendiri meski membuat motor saja tidak pernah dilakukan. Yang menarik adalah mengapa pihak produsen mobil Kancil sejak awal justru hanya menginginkan membentuk brand image kendaraan umum khas Indonesia. Bahkan, secara tegas mereka mengungkapkan konsep Kancil mereka ciptakan untuk kendaraan umum dan niaga saja. Bukankah ini justru merupakan sikap yang mengarah pada monopoli pengadaan kendaraan? Memang terasa aneh jika pada era seperti sekarang masih ada keinginan untuk memonopoli jenis kendaraan umum. Seharusnya bukan merek atau jenis kendaraan keluaran produsen tertentu yang boleh menggantikan kendaraan yang dianggap tidak sesuai lagi. Bajaj yang diincar untuk digantikan Kancil sebenarnya juga bukan "asli" Indonesia. Sangat tidak bijaksana apabila nanti ada surat keputusan dari siapa pun untuk menggantikan Bajaj dengan kendaraan tertentu jenis lain. Seharusnya yang pertama perlu dipikirkan adalah bagaimana melindungi udara di Jakarta atau kota-kota besar lainnya di Indonesia. Jika Bajaj tidak bersahabat dengan lingkungan, karena menggunakan mesin dua tak (langkah), harus dicari kendaraan yang lebih baik dan ini harus dilakukan secara bertahap, bukan dengan semena-mena. Tentu bukan hanya kendaraan mungil serupa yang diproduksi perusahaan tertentu, tetapi juga buatan pabrik lain yang memenuhi syarat lebih akrab dengan lingkungan. Katakanlah Bajaj Biru yang menggunakan bahan bakar alternatif seperti gas alam, bisa juga kendaraan mungil bermotor listrik. Yang menarik adalah seperti yang dilakukan Swiss dengan program kemitraan yang disebut SwissEnergi. Program ini bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan upaya pengefisienan energi dan penggunaan energi yang baru. Dengan petunjuk dari Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) program ini mendukung proyek-proyek riset yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi konsumsi energi. Salah satu fokusnya adalah kendaraan hibrida (campuran mesin bensin dengan mesin listrik). Selain itu, juga upaya mengurangi berat kendaraan akan sangat efektif untuk merendahkan konsumsi energi. Memang biasanya yang bisa dipaksa untuk mempergunakan kendaraan alternatif adalah kendaraan umum, terutama yang dikelola oleh pemerintah. Namun, apabila hal ini memungkinkan dan diterima masyarakat, mengapa tidak dilepas untuk bisa dimiliki masyarakat luas secara pribadi. Bahkan, perusahaan otomotif di negara-negara seperti Eropa juga mengembangkan jenis kendaraan mungil ini untuk kebutuhan pribadi. Tentu saja dengan model-model yang menarik. Tidak mustahil dalam waktu dekat kendaraan yang model dan bentuknya mirip dengan Kancil juga menyerbu Indonesia. Kendaraan mungil bukan hanya lebih murah dan rendah konsumsi bahan bakar, tetapi juga hanya sedikit memakan badan jalan dan sesuai untuk fisik orang Indonesia
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t0mc4t

Post subject: Posted: 24 Mar 2005, 22:47

Administrator Joined: 08 Aug 2002, 16:07 Posts: 1472 Location: Surabaya  Jump to:  Select a forum ------------------ Common Topics    Lost Section    Common Topics of Cars or Automotive    Common Topics of Motorcycle    Events News    Suggestion Corner    Polling Corner    Review Corner    Business Corner Car Topics    Sedan Types    Pickup Types    Minibus / Station Types    SUV (2WD/4WD) Types    MPV Types    Sport (car) Types    Other (car) Types Motorcycle Topics    Moped Types    Sport (mcycle) Types    Scooter Types    Other (mcycle) Types Modification Corner    4Wheels or More Modification       Specific Vehicle       Engine & Exhaust System       Interior Design and Accessories       Body and Wheels       Audio Video & Electricity System       Others    2Wheels Modification.       Specific Bike       Engine & Exhaust System       Body Works       Bike/Driver Accessories       Others    Show Off Affiliates    Cihampelas Motor    CS Lighting    Monza Autosport Automotive Clubs    [AIC] - Aerio Indonesia Club    Altis Community    [i-LOC] - Indonesian Livina Owners Community       About i-LOC       i-LOC Event & News       i-LOC Modification & Problem Solving       i-LOC General Chat Free Topics    Public's Lounge    Business Lounge Forum Information    News and Information   Powered by phpBB® Forum Software © phpBB Group

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BMW Z8 $130,645

The BMW Z8 is a car that has polarized the automotive press. Some love the car for its smooth, easy-to-drive accessibility--the thing that makes autos like the modern Jags such a pleasure. Others feel it's too softly sprung and not "immediate" enough--it doesn't feel as if it's as engaged with the road as a lot of other exotic sports cars are.

We can understand both camps but tend to side with the former crowd, because the Z8 makes you feel like a champion driver without forcing you to break a sweat every time you go for a spin.

In fact, that's the BMW DNA at work in the Z8, for just about every BMW gets progressively more sporty the harder you drive it, but never beats you up if you just want to cruise at a more stately pace.

And even though the Z8 gets the very hot, 394-horsepower V-8 from the BMW M5 (about 60 more hp than you'll find in the BMW M3), there's nothing violent about the on-rush of power that comes from under the hood. Torque is there in a downshift whenever you want it, but the rest of the time power is almost seamless--think, and you're passing someone at 95 on the expressway.

You could almost accuse the Z8 of being lazy for that reason, but not when you throw it hard into a turn, where its excellent aluminum suspension and chassis flex and respond in kind to the pace you've set, and its taut rack and pinion steering transmits just enough information back to your hands for you to respond in kind to the road. Here the Z8 becomes alive and thrilling.

Granted, if you can afford this car, you might as well have the GT2 Porsche, but that's not where we'd say the competition is coming from, since the BMW is so much more relaxed and easier to drive daily. Rather, that Maserati Spyder we mentioned as an alternative to the Jaguar XKR 100 seems like a fair alternative to the Z8 as well, and for considerably less money. Thing is, the BMW has the coolest interior of the bunch, the Maserati gets the best-sounding engine this side of a Ferrari and the Jag is the sexiest. Can't buy all three? Time to go for a few test drives, then. 7                                                                                                                                                                   

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