Beralih ke Mobil Hibrida
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Beralih ke Mobil Hibrida
Cara Bekerja Mobil Hibrida
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Chevrolet Volt: Mobil konsep 2007 yang dikembangkan GM bersama Chrysler dan BMWMobil hibrida akan menjadi mobil paling populer di masa depan. General Motors tidak mau ketinggalan dengan merilis setidaknya satu model hibrida baru setiap tiga bulan selama dua tahun ke depan.
Chris Paine dalam film dokumenternya Who Killed the Electric Car? tahun 2006, menyoroti sepak terjang General Motors (GM) yang 'mematikan' mobil listrik buatannya seri EV1. Mobil yang dibuat tahun 1990-an lalu dihentikan tahun 2003 itu dinilai GM kurang menguntungkan dibandingkan kendaraan buatannya yang berbahan bakar minyak. Namun, langkah yang diambil oleh GM bertahun-tahun lalu itu akhirnya berubah haluan.
Boleh jadi, itu disebabkan oleh prestasi penjualan Toyota yang tergolong kinclong dalam penjualan kuartal pertama tahun ini. Pabrikan kendaraan Jepang itu menjadi produsen kendaraan terbesar dunia menggeser GM ke posisi kedua. Toyota tercatat pada kuartal pertama menjual sekitar 2,35 juta kendaraan di seluruh dunia, melampaui GM yang hanya mencatat sekitar 2,26 juta unit. Kinclongnya penjualan Toyota ini terutama terlihat pada merek Camry, Corolla, Yaris dan Prius -- mobil hibrida (hybrid car) yang sangat diminati pasar. Kemajuan Toyota ini terjadi di tengah-tengah masalah yang merundung GM, yaitu rugi US$2 miliar (sekitar Rp 18 triliun) tahun lalu. Produksi mobil GM juga terpaksa dipangkas untuk mengurangi biaya.
Kehadiran Toyota Prius yang mendongkrak penjualan Toyota meruntuhkan asumsi GM bahwa mobil hibrida Toyota Priustidak menjual. Kendaraan hibrida memang lebih mahal namun bagi pembeli khususnya yang peduli terhadap lingkungan, hibrida sama saja dengan peduli lingkungan. Belum lagi harga minyak mentah dunia yang terus naik membuat orang tertarik untuk membeli mobil hibrida yang bisa mengirit konsumsi bahan bakar. Sebuah studi baru-baru ini menyatakan, mobil hibrida menghemat hampir 814 juta liter bensin di Amerika Serikat sejak pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1999. Toyota memperkirakan dengan penggunaan mobil hibrida jumlah gas CO2 yang dilepaskan ke udara berkurang sekitar 3,5 juta ton dalam 10 tahun terakhir.
Di Amerika Serikat dan Jepang saja, Prius sangat digemari, mengingat mobil hibrida yang menggabungkan Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 4dr SUVmesin bensin dan motor listrik itu sangat hemat dalam mengonsumsi bahan bakar serta ramah lingkungan. Catatan yang ada menyebutkan, Prius rata-rata mengonsumsi 1 liter bensin untuk perjalanan sejauh 23,24 kilometer. Satu dekade terakhir, Toyota telah berhasil menjual hampir satu juta unit mobil hibrida. Bahkan pada 2010 mendatang, Toyota berani menargetkan penjualan satu juta unit mobil hibrida dalam setahun.
Dalam Tokyo Motor Show 2007 belum lama ini, Toyota menonjolkan mobil-mobil hibridanya. Salah satunya Toyota 1/X calon pengganti Prius yang dibuat lebih ringan dengan menggunakan bahan plastik dan diperkuat carbon fiber. Bobotnya hanya sepertiga Prius dengan mesin 500 cc hibrida. Mobil ini bisa diisi lewat sambungan listrik di rumah atau dengan bensin dan etanol. Toyota mengklaim mobil ini bisa menempuh 38 km hanya dengan satu liter bensin.
GMEV1 Series HybridKeberhasilan Prius dan obsesi Toyota yang tiada henti mengembangkan mobil hibrida membuat GM yang berbasis di Detroit, Amerika, memilih makin serius untuk mengembangkan kendaraan hibrida. GM akan meluncurkan kendaraan jenis SUV hibrida akhir tahun ini. "Toyota mencuri peluang dengan teknologi dan pemasaran yang bagus, namun saya pikir GM akan merebutnya kembali," kata Philip Gott, direktur konsultan otomotif dari Global Insight. Apa yang disampaikan oleh Philip itu besar kemungkinan akan terjadi. Meski didera berbagai kesulitan, GM selalu menjadi pemimpin dalam pengembangan dan riset dengan menghabiskan dana hingga 6,6 miliar dolar AS tahun 2006. Inovasi GM dalam mobil-mobil non bahan bakar minyak sebenarnya sudah sangat dikenal. Akhir tahun 80-an, GM membuat sebuah mobil konsep 'Sunracer', yang memanfaatkan tenaga matahari.
Meski terbilang 'lambat' dalam persaingan produksi kendaraan hibrida, GM diam-diam sudah menanamkan GMC Yukonbanyak investasi 'hijau'. Perusahaan ini mulai memproduksi bus hibrida tahun 2004. GM juga sudah menaruh mesin hibrida pertamanya bukan pada kendaraan jenis sedan seperti Toyota Prius namun pada kendaraan besar SUV, GMC Yukon dan Chevrolet Tahoe. Kendaraan seberat 2,3 ton itu akan berjalan dengan sistem two mode hybrid jenis baru yang dikembangkan GM bersama Chrysler dan BMW. GM sudah mempresentasikan Chevrolet Volt - kendaraan plug-in hibrida yang bisa berjalan dengan tenaga baterai, biodiesel atau bensin sebagai mobil konsep 2007. Plug-in di sini artinya baterai listrik mobil bisa di-charge dengan mencolokkan alat khusus ke sambungan listrik di rumah. Perusahaan ini juga akan meluncurkan Project Driveway, sebuah uji coba yang melibatkan konsumen dengan mengendarai lebih dari 100 mobil bertenaga hidrogen yang emisi gas buangnya hanya berupa air murni. MLP (BI 49)
Cara Bekerja Mobil Hibrida
Kebanyakan mobil hibrida saat ini merupakan mobil bermotor listrik (electric motor) yang dilengkapi dengan mesin bensin (gasoline engine). Desain mobil hibrida berbeda dengan desain mobil konvensional, karena sistem elektrik (electric & electronic unit) dan sistem kendali (control unit) lebih rumit. Mesin pada mobil hibrida juga lebih kecil daripada mobil konvensional, lebih irit bahan bakar dan sedikit emisi gas buang yang berbahaya. Meski memiliki sejumlah keunggulan, mobil hibrida juga mempunyai kekurangan. Mobil hibrida menggunakan komponen elektronik yang sangat sensitif sehingga bila tidak dirawat dengan baik akan cepat rusak. Mobil hibrida juga tidak bersahabat dengan air sehingga tidak cocok digunakan di kawasan yang rawan banjir. Selain itu, harga mobil hibrida terbilang masih mahal. Mobil untuk sekelas city car seperti Toyota Prius dijual di Indonesia hingga 450 juta, dua kali lipat harga jual yang ada di luar negeri. Padahal, Toyota Vios - berada di kelas yang sama - hanya dibanderol sekitar Rp 150 juta. Belum lagi biaya perawatannya yang lebih mahal, lebih kompleks dan rumit dari kendaraan konvensional.
MOBIL MULAI BERJALAN
Sistem mekanisme pemindahan tenaga mobil hibridaPada saat mobil mulai berjalan dari posisi berhenti (start-off) dan saat mobil melaju dengan kecepatan rendah, hanya motor listrik yang berfungsi sehingga mobil meluncur dengan hening, nyaris tanpa suara. Pada kendaraan konvensional, saat roda tidak bergerak/merayap maka konsumsi BBM meningkat drastis hingga 1:1 (1 liter 1 KM). Dengan mobil hibrida, BBM bisa dihemat hingga 200-300%. Sebagai perbandingan, pada Toyota Yaris konsumsi BBM normal mencapai 1:12 sedangkan pada Toyota Prius konsumsi BBM normal bisa mencapai 1:25.
KECEPATAN NORMAL
Sedangkan pada saat mobil melaju dengan kecepatan normal (normal driving), mesin bensin bekerjaPemindahan tenaga pada kecepatan normal, mesin bekerja sepenuhnya sambil mengisi batere sepenuhnya sembari mengisi baterai.
DESELERASI DAN PENGEREMAN
Pada saat deselerasi (deceleration) atau pengereman, motor listrik bekerja sebagai generator (penghasil tenaga listrik) untuk mengisi baterai. Dan, saat berhenti, mesin bensin secara otomatis dimatikan. Apabila penyejuk udara (AC) dioperasikan, AC akan tetap beroperasi walaupun mesin bensin dimatikan. Hal tersebut dimungkinkan karena tidak seperti AC mobil biasa yang kompresornya digerakkan dengan memanfaatkan putaran mesin, AC digerakkan dengan tenaga listrik. Dan, apabila persediaan listrik di baterai berkurang, mesin bensin akan hidup dan memutar motor listrik (generator) untuk mengisi tenaga listrik di dalam baterai. Di samping kompresor AC, rem pun dioperasikan secara elektrik.
AKSELERASI
Saat berakselerasi (acceleration) atau menanjak, motor listrik yang dibantu mesin bensin mendapat tambahan tenaga dari baterai.
Copyright © 2009 Berita Indonesia. All Rights Reserved.
Minggu, 29 November 2009
Mobil Listrik
Ini Dia Calon Mobil Listrik dari VW
JERMAN, DETIKPOS.net - Gosip kencang mengenai Volkswagen sedang mengembangkan mobil listrik, terhenti. Pasalnya, pabrikan mobil Jerman itu menampilkan VW E-Up di ajang salah satu pameran bergengsi di dunia, Frankfurt Motor Show.
Mobil dengan dimensin panjang 3,2 meter ini memiliki kemampuan menempuh kecepatan 0-100km/jam hanya dibutuhkan 11,3 detik saja. Lumayan untuk sebuah mobil urban. Dapur pacu mampu menghasilkan tenaga 40 kilowatt tanpa putus, dengan tenaga maksimum 60 kW dan torsi maksimum 210 Nm. Kecepatan maksimum bisa mencapai 135Km/jam, meski tidak disebutkan jarak tempuh maksimumnya.
Dengan mengusung konsep 3+1 pada interior, ruang dalam terasa lebih besar. Hal menarik lainnya, meski harus membawa baterai lithium berbobot 240kg, keseluruhan berat kendaraan hanya 1.085 kg. Mobil kota ini rencananya dipersiapkan mulai masuk ke pasar 2013 mendatang. Namun, sampai saat ini belum ada kepastian seperti apa bentuk finalnya nanti.
"Bagaimanapun, sebuah kesuksesan sejati dari mobil listrik harus menjadi produk yang terjangkau untuk konsumen di luar negeri dan praktis untuk penggunaan sehari-hari. Hanya dengan itu, volume yang tinggi, dan berbagai keunggulannya, benar-benar bisa berdampak pada era mobil listrik juga berdampak pada kesehatan lingkungan," ujar Direksi VW Martin Winterkom dalam realease resminya.
Sumber: Kompas.com
JERMAN, DETIKPOS.net - Gosip kencang mengenai Volkswagen sedang mengembangkan mobil listrik, terhenti. Pasalnya, pabrikan mobil Jerman itu menampilkan VW E-Up di ajang salah satu pameran bergengsi di dunia, Frankfurt Motor Show.
Mobil dengan dimensin panjang 3,2 meter ini memiliki kemampuan menempuh kecepatan 0-100km/jam hanya dibutuhkan 11,3 detik saja. Lumayan untuk sebuah mobil urban. Dapur pacu mampu menghasilkan tenaga 40 kilowatt tanpa putus, dengan tenaga maksimum 60 kW dan torsi maksimum 210 Nm. Kecepatan maksimum bisa mencapai 135Km/jam, meski tidak disebutkan jarak tempuh maksimumnya.
Dengan mengusung konsep 3+1 pada interior, ruang dalam terasa lebih besar. Hal menarik lainnya, meski harus membawa baterai lithium berbobot 240kg, keseluruhan berat kendaraan hanya 1.085 kg. Mobil kota ini rencananya dipersiapkan mulai masuk ke pasar 2013 mendatang. Namun, sampai saat ini belum ada kepastian seperti apa bentuk finalnya nanti.
"Bagaimanapun, sebuah kesuksesan sejati dari mobil listrik harus menjadi produk yang terjangkau untuk konsumen di luar negeri dan praktis untuk penggunaan sehari-hari. Hanya dengan itu, volume yang tinggi, dan berbagai keunggulannya, benar-benar bisa berdampak pada era mobil listrik juga berdampak pada kesehatan lingkungan," ujar Direksi VW Martin Winterkom dalam realease resminya.
Sumber: Kompas.com
Belajar Motor
Belajar Motor Secara Cerdas dan Pintar
PRODUSEN dan Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merek (ATPM) Honda di tanah air, PT Astra Honda Motor (AHM) bekerja sama dengan Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta membangun Zona Teknologi Otomotif Roda Dua di Taman Pintar untuk memberikan pendidikan tentang teknologi sepeda motor ramah lingkungan dan sosiaslisasi kegiatan safety riding (aman berkendaraan).
Taman Pintar yang mengusung motto ”mencerdaskan dan menyenangkan” akan memiliki wahana baru yang diharapkan dapat membekali pengunjung dengan informasi teknologi sepeda motor ramah lingkungan dan kegiatan safety riding, sehingga mereka dapat berlatih mengendarai sepeda motor secara cerdas dan aman.
Wahana baru Zona Teknologi Otomotif Roda Dua ini berada di Lantai 2 Gedung Kotak Taman Pintar, Jalan Panembahan Senopati 1-3, Yogyakarta (sebelah timur Malioboro). Dalam taman itu AHM mengemas konsep materi dalam bentuk informasi, display dan program multi media yang bersifat interaktif. Serta menyediakan alat simulasi berupa Honda Riding Trainer, sebagai prinsip berkendaraan yang aman.
MELATIH KETRAMPILAN
Honda Riding Trainer dilengkapi dengan pilihan menu tipe motor dan kondisi jalan, serta kondisi lingkungan maupun cuaca. Alat ini berfungsi melatih keterampilan berkendara dengan cara yang aman sesuai kondisi lalulintas.
Executive Vice President Director PT AHM Johannes Loman mengatakan pembangunan Zona Teknologi Otomotif Roda Dua di Taman Pintar ini merupakan perwujudan komitmen dan tanggung jawab sosial Group Astra, sekaligus merupakan bentuk nyata dari sinergi antara AHM dan Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta. “Kami berharap Zona Teknologi Otomotif ini menambah daya tarik Taman Pintar bagi masyarakat.”
Walikota Yogyakarta H. Herry Zudianto mendukung inisiatif AHM untuk ikut serta membangun wahana khusus di Taman Pintar sebagai bagian mendidik masyarakat tentang teknologi sepeda motor yang ramah lingkungan, khususnya dalam hal pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan.
Ia mengharapkan dengan adanya wahana baru itu masyarakat Yogyakarta mendapat pengetahuan baru soal proses pembuatan sepeda motor di pabrik Honda yang ramah lingkungan berikut contoh teknologinya dan kegiatan safety riding yang sedang digalakkan guna mengurangi kecelakaan. (bambang/nk)
Redaksi: redaksi[at]poskota.co.id
Jl. Gajah Mada 100, Jakarta Tel. (021) 6334702, Fax: (021) 6348968
Email: iklan[at]poskota.co.id
*
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Copyright © 2009 · All Rights Reserved · Poskota Theme by Poskota.masuk log
PRODUSEN dan Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merek (ATPM) Honda di tanah air, PT Astra Honda Motor (AHM) bekerja sama dengan Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta membangun Zona Teknologi Otomotif Roda Dua di Taman Pintar untuk memberikan pendidikan tentang teknologi sepeda motor ramah lingkungan dan sosiaslisasi kegiatan safety riding (aman berkendaraan).
Taman Pintar yang mengusung motto ”mencerdaskan dan menyenangkan” akan memiliki wahana baru yang diharapkan dapat membekali pengunjung dengan informasi teknologi sepeda motor ramah lingkungan dan kegiatan safety riding, sehingga mereka dapat berlatih mengendarai sepeda motor secara cerdas dan aman.
Wahana baru Zona Teknologi Otomotif Roda Dua ini berada di Lantai 2 Gedung Kotak Taman Pintar, Jalan Panembahan Senopati 1-3, Yogyakarta (sebelah timur Malioboro). Dalam taman itu AHM mengemas konsep materi dalam bentuk informasi, display dan program multi media yang bersifat interaktif. Serta menyediakan alat simulasi berupa Honda Riding Trainer, sebagai prinsip berkendaraan yang aman.
MELATIH KETRAMPILAN
Honda Riding Trainer dilengkapi dengan pilihan menu tipe motor dan kondisi jalan, serta kondisi lingkungan maupun cuaca. Alat ini berfungsi melatih keterampilan berkendara dengan cara yang aman sesuai kondisi lalulintas.
Executive Vice President Director PT AHM Johannes Loman mengatakan pembangunan Zona Teknologi Otomotif Roda Dua di Taman Pintar ini merupakan perwujudan komitmen dan tanggung jawab sosial Group Astra, sekaligus merupakan bentuk nyata dari sinergi antara AHM dan Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta. “Kami berharap Zona Teknologi Otomotif ini menambah daya tarik Taman Pintar bagi masyarakat.”
Walikota Yogyakarta H. Herry Zudianto mendukung inisiatif AHM untuk ikut serta membangun wahana khusus di Taman Pintar sebagai bagian mendidik masyarakat tentang teknologi sepeda motor yang ramah lingkungan, khususnya dalam hal pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan.
Ia mengharapkan dengan adanya wahana baru itu masyarakat Yogyakarta mendapat pengetahuan baru soal proses pembuatan sepeda motor di pabrik Honda yang ramah lingkungan berikut contoh teknologinya dan kegiatan safety riding yang sedang digalakkan guna mengurangi kecelakaan. (bambang/nk)
Redaksi: redaksi[at]poskota.co.id
Jl. Gajah Mada 100, Jakarta Tel. (021) 6334702, Fax: (021) 6348968
Email: iklan[at]poskota.co.id
*
*
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30/11/2009 - 12:18 WIB
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30/11/2009 - 12:10 WIB
Therapy Dracula Untuk Awet Muda
30/11/2009 - 11:44 WIB
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30/11/2009 - 11:26 WIB
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Copyright © 2009 · All Rights Reserved · Poskota Theme by Poskota.masuk log
Senin, 09 November 2009
Sistem bahan bakar
Microsoft Word - Document in Document Scrap '5250302517...'
_AuthoredBy_: user
_PaperTitle_: Microsoft Word - Document in Document Scrap '5250302517...'
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_BibTeXrecord_:
ABSTRAK
Sistem bahan bakar Dan Trouble Shooting pada
Daihatsu Classy. Tugas akhir. Teknik Mesin D III. Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Sistem bahan bakar merupakan satu sistem yang sangat vital pada
motor bensin. Pembakaran pada motor bensin di mulai oleh adanya suplai
campuran bahan bakar dan udara. Untuk itu pada motor bensin
memerlukan suatu sistem yang dapat menyediakan bahan bakar dan
sekaligus memberikan campuran bahan bakar dan udara yang sesuai
dengan kondisi mesin. Sistem bahan bakar pada Daihatsu Classy terdiri
dari beberapa bagian yaitu: (1) Tangki bahan bakar, (2) Saluran bahan
bakar, (3) Saringan bahan bakar, (4) Pompa bahan bakar, dan (5)
Pengabut bahan bakar ( karburator ).
Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut timbul permasalahan sebagai
berikut: (1) Bagaimana cara kerja sistem bahan bakar pada Daihatsu
Classy, (2) Cara meganalisis gangguan atau memperbaiki kerusakan
yang terjadi pada sistem bahan bakar tersebut. .
Proses pembakaran pada mesin dapat terganggu apabila salah
satu dari komponen sistem bahan bakar terdapat kerusakan atau
gangguan pada sistem kerjanya, sehingga kerja mesin tidak bisa
maksimal. Gangguan yang sering terjadi pada sistem bahan bakar
Daihatsu Classy adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Mesin tidak mau hidup atau
sukar hidup penyebabnya adalah katup jarum macet atau tersumbat,
selang vakum lepas atau rusak, katup solenoid pemutus aliran bahan
bakar tidak membuka, kerja dari cuk terganggu. (2) Idle kasar atau
terhenti penyebabnya adalah kecepatan idle tidak benar, slow jet
tersumbat, campuran idle tidak benar. (3) Mesin tersendat saat
percepatan penyebabnya adalah permukaan pelampung terlalu rendah,
pompa percepatan tidak berfungsi, power valve tidak berfungsi, saluran
bahan bakar tersumbat. (4) Mesin mengalami dieseling penyebabnya
adalah link-link pada karburator macet, penyetelan idle berubah, solenoid
pemutus bahan bakar tidak berfungsi. (5) Konsumsi bahan bakar boros
penyebabnya adalah kecepatan idle terlalu tinggi, power valve terbuka
terus, tangki bahan bakar bocor, saluran bahan bakar bocor, dan (6)
Suplai bahan bakar ke karburator kurang penyebanya adalah saringan
bahan bakar tersumbat, pompa bahan bakar tidak berfungsi, saluran
bahan bakar tersumbat. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut dapat dilakukan
perbaikan sistem bahan bakar yang meliputi pembersihan komponen,
penyetelan ulang sesuai standar serta penggantian komponen sistem
bahan bakar. Perawatan sistem bahan bakar sebaiknya di lakukan secara
berkala untuk mencegah kerusakan dan gangguan yang terjadi pada saat
berkendara. Saringan udara di usahakan selalu bersih untuk menjaga
kebersihan karburator.Saringan bahan bakar hendaknya di ganti apabila
sudah kotor, untuk mencegah kotoran masuk ke saluran-saluran dalam
karburator.
_HideBibTeXrecord_
_AuthoredBy_: user
_PaperTitle_: Microsoft Word - Document in Document Scrap '5250302517...'
цЦ░чкЧхПгцШ╛чд║
_BibTeXrecord_:
ABSTRAK
Sistem bahan bakar Dan Trouble Shooting pada
Daihatsu Classy. Tugas akhir. Teknik Mesin D III. Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Sistem bahan bakar merupakan satu sistem yang sangat vital pada
motor bensin. Pembakaran pada motor bensin di mulai oleh adanya suplai
campuran bahan bakar dan udara. Untuk itu pada motor bensin
memerlukan suatu sistem yang dapat menyediakan bahan bakar dan
sekaligus memberikan campuran bahan bakar dan udara yang sesuai
dengan kondisi mesin. Sistem bahan bakar pada Daihatsu Classy terdiri
dari beberapa bagian yaitu: (1) Tangki bahan bakar, (2) Saluran bahan
bakar, (3) Saringan bahan bakar, (4) Pompa bahan bakar, dan (5)
Pengabut bahan bakar ( karburator ).
Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut timbul permasalahan sebagai
berikut: (1) Bagaimana cara kerja sistem bahan bakar pada Daihatsu
Classy, (2) Cara meganalisis gangguan atau memperbaiki kerusakan
yang terjadi pada sistem bahan bakar tersebut. .
Proses pembakaran pada mesin dapat terganggu apabila salah
satu dari komponen sistem bahan bakar terdapat kerusakan atau
gangguan pada sistem kerjanya, sehingga kerja mesin tidak bisa
maksimal. Gangguan yang sering terjadi pada sistem bahan bakar
Daihatsu Classy adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Mesin tidak mau hidup atau
sukar hidup penyebabnya adalah katup jarum macet atau tersumbat,
selang vakum lepas atau rusak, katup solenoid pemutus aliran bahan
bakar tidak membuka, kerja dari cuk terganggu. (2) Idle kasar atau
terhenti penyebabnya adalah kecepatan idle tidak benar, slow jet
tersumbat, campuran idle tidak benar. (3) Mesin tersendat saat
percepatan penyebabnya adalah permukaan pelampung terlalu rendah,
pompa percepatan tidak berfungsi, power valve tidak berfungsi, saluran
bahan bakar tersumbat. (4) Mesin mengalami dieseling penyebabnya
adalah link-link pada karburator macet, penyetelan idle berubah, solenoid
pemutus bahan bakar tidak berfungsi. (5) Konsumsi bahan bakar boros
penyebabnya adalah kecepatan idle terlalu tinggi, power valve terbuka
terus, tangki bahan bakar bocor, saluran bahan bakar bocor, dan (6)
Suplai bahan bakar ke karburator kurang penyebanya adalah saringan
bahan bakar tersumbat, pompa bahan bakar tidak berfungsi, saluran
bahan bakar tersumbat. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut dapat dilakukan
perbaikan sistem bahan bakar yang meliputi pembersihan komponen,
penyetelan ulang sesuai standar serta penggantian komponen sistem
bahan bakar. Perawatan sistem bahan bakar sebaiknya di lakukan secara
berkala untuk mencegah kerusakan dan gangguan yang terjadi pada saat
berkendara. Saringan udara di usahakan selalu bersih untuk menjaga
kebersihan karburator.Saringan bahan bakar hendaknya di ganti apabila
sudah kotor, untuk mencegah kotoran masuk ke saluran-saluran dalam
karburator.
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Selasa, 18 Agustus 2009
Top Companies
Top Companies Of India
The key players of the economy in India are the top companies of India. About 47 Indian companies headed by the corporate giant Reliance Industries are listed among the biggest 2,000 companies of the world by the Forbes,US Magazine.
The new entrants in this list are Hero Honda Motors,Indian Bank,Sun Pharma and Jindal Steel and Power Ltd. The Indian Companies in India have made their significant presence in the world business scenario. On this page you will find the list of Top Companies In India, and also the list of Top 10 Global Companies. The list below gives the names of the best Indian companies.
List Of Top Companies Of India:
Reliance Industries Limited
This is the largest private sector conglomerate in India founded by Dhirubhai Amabani with an annual turnover of about US$ 35.9.This Fortune Global 500 company have its businesses in materials and energy value chain. It enjoys the position of the global leadership and is also the largest producer of yarn and fibre in the world. It ranks among the top ten producers across the globe in major petrochemical products. The primary subsidiaries of the company are Reliance Retail Limited and Reliance Petroleum Limited along with Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited.
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation
This company is awarded as the Best Oil and Gas company in Asia. It is the lone contributor of about 84% India's oil and gas. This company is not only among the leading Indian companies but also a leading company of oil and gas. The highest profit making corporate of India is ONGC. It has 77% share in the crude oil production of India. The company's main activity is to explore,refine,produce,market and transport crude oil,natural gas etc.
State Bank of India
It is the largest Indian bank and one of the leading companies in India.It offers banking services through its wide network in India and overseas. With more than 16,000 branches it accounts for the largest bank branch network in India. It offers services like the Mobile Banking,Internet Banking, Demat Services,ATM Services,Corporate Banking,Merchant Banking,Agricultural Banking,online services like online educational loan,online SME loan and many others.
Indian Oil Corporation
It is a public sector Indian Petroleum company and also the largest commercial enterprise in India. This company ranks 116 on the list of the Fortune Global 500 list in the year 2008.It operates the widest and the largest network of fuel stations in India which is about 17,606.Auto LPG Dispensing Stations are started by the company and it helps reach Indane Cooking Gas to 47.5 million households. The company's products are diesel, petrol , Servo Lubricants etc.
ICICI Bank
The largest private sector bank in the sector of market capitalization in India is ICICI Bank and the second largest bank in assets. The wide network of the bank has 1,399 branches,49 regional processing centres,22 regional offices and more than 4,485 ATMs. It provides the banking services like Personal banking,Corporate Net Banking,NRI,Internet Banking,24-hr Customer Care and many other banking facilities.
NTPC
National Thermal Power Corporation Limited is the largest power company in India and has a capacity of 29894 MW with 7 gas based,15 coal based power stations and about four joint ventures. The company is the top among the Best Workplaces for Large Organizations. Two major units of the company is in Orissa. The core business of the company are construction,engineering and operation of power generating plants.
Steel Authority of India Limited
In India,one among the largest steel makers is Steel Authority of India Limited. The company has a turnover of about Rs. 45555 crore. The company also ranks higher among the top five largest profit earning Indian corporate. It is also the 16th largest producer of steel in the world. The website of the company gives all the required information about the Sales, Durgapur Steel Plant and other Plants and Units of the company.
Tata Steel
The company was initially known as TISCO and Tata Iron and Steel Company. It is the sixth largest Indian Steel company in the world. The crude capacity of the company is 28 million tones. It is also ranks second among the largest private sector steel companies in India.It had a profit of Rs 12,350 crore in the year 2008.The main plant is in Jharkhand, Jameshedpur.It has become multinational for its operations across the world. The registered office is in Mumbai. h3>Bharti AirtelBharti Enterprises' flagship company is Bharti Airtel. It is the topmost company in the sector of telecom. The company is ranked as the one with best performance across the globe in 2007 by the Business Week Magazine. It is also the first provider of telephine service in the private sector and has carved the telecom sector path in India. The three business units of the company are Enterprise Services,Mobile services and Broadband and Telephone Services
Reliance Communications
The company offers services like the information and communication,infrastructure and services for individuals and enterprises,consulting and applications. The company consumers are in Reliance Landline, BroadNet, Rworld, Reliance Global call, Reliance IPTV,Wireless Phone,Mobile-CDMA,GSM etc. The company is a renowned name in the implementation and managing of entire telephony solution.
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Send Reports to friends | Surfing Agreement | Criteria | Disclaimer | Send This page to Friend | Url Submit | Sigi.in| Privacy Policy
Copyright 2009. All Rights Reserved
The key players of the economy in India are the top companies of India. About 47 Indian companies headed by the corporate giant Reliance Industries are listed among the biggest 2,000 companies of the world by the Forbes,US Magazine.
The new entrants in this list are Hero Honda Motors,Indian Bank,Sun Pharma and Jindal Steel and Power Ltd. The Indian Companies in India have made their significant presence in the world business scenario. On this page you will find the list of Top Companies In India, and also the list of Top 10 Global Companies. The list below gives the names of the best Indian companies.
List Of Top Companies Of India:
Reliance Industries Limited
This is the largest private sector conglomerate in India founded by Dhirubhai Amabani with an annual turnover of about US$ 35.9.This Fortune Global 500 company have its businesses in materials and energy value chain. It enjoys the position of the global leadership and is also the largest producer of yarn and fibre in the world. It ranks among the top ten producers across the globe in major petrochemical products. The primary subsidiaries of the company are Reliance Retail Limited and Reliance Petroleum Limited along with Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited.
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation
This company is awarded as the Best Oil and Gas company in Asia. It is the lone contributor of about 84% India's oil and gas. This company is not only among the leading Indian companies but also a leading company of oil and gas. The highest profit making corporate of India is ONGC. It has 77% share in the crude oil production of India. The company's main activity is to explore,refine,produce,market and transport crude oil,natural gas etc.
State Bank of India
It is the largest Indian bank and one of the leading companies in India.It offers banking services through its wide network in India and overseas. With more than 16,000 branches it accounts for the largest bank branch network in India. It offers services like the Mobile Banking,Internet Banking, Demat Services,ATM Services,Corporate Banking,Merchant Banking,Agricultural Banking,online services like online educational loan,online SME loan and many others.
Indian Oil Corporation
It is a public sector Indian Petroleum company and also the largest commercial enterprise in India. This company ranks 116 on the list of the Fortune Global 500 list in the year 2008.It operates the widest and the largest network of fuel stations in India which is about 17,606.Auto LPG Dispensing Stations are started by the company and it helps reach Indane Cooking Gas to 47.5 million households. The company's products are diesel, petrol , Servo Lubricants etc.
ICICI Bank
The largest private sector bank in the sector of market capitalization in India is ICICI Bank and the second largest bank in assets. The wide network of the bank has 1,399 branches,49 regional processing centres,22 regional offices and more than 4,485 ATMs. It provides the banking services like Personal banking,Corporate Net Banking,NRI,Internet Banking,24-hr Customer Care and many other banking facilities.
NTPC
National Thermal Power Corporation Limited is the largest power company in India and has a capacity of 29894 MW with 7 gas based,15 coal based power stations and about four joint ventures. The company is the top among the Best Workplaces for Large Organizations. Two major units of the company is in Orissa. The core business of the company are construction,engineering and operation of power generating plants.
Steel Authority of India Limited
In India,one among the largest steel makers is Steel Authority of India Limited. The company has a turnover of about Rs. 45555 crore. The company also ranks higher among the top five largest profit earning Indian corporate. It is also the 16th largest producer of steel in the world. The website of the company gives all the required information about the Sales, Durgapur Steel Plant and other Plants and Units of the company.
Tata Steel
The company was initially known as TISCO and Tata Iron and Steel Company. It is the sixth largest Indian Steel company in the world. The crude capacity of the company is 28 million tones. It is also ranks second among the largest private sector steel companies in India.It had a profit of Rs 12,350 crore in the year 2008.The main plant is in Jharkhand, Jameshedpur.It has become multinational for its operations across the world. The registered office is in Mumbai. h3>Bharti AirtelBharti Enterprises' flagship company is Bharti Airtel. It is the topmost company in the sector of telecom. The company is ranked as the one with best performance across the globe in 2007 by the Business Week Magazine. It is also the first provider of telephine service in the private sector and has carved the telecom sector path in India. The three business units of the company are Enterprise Services,Mobile services and Broadband and Telephone Services
Reliance Communications
The company offers services like the information and communication,infrastructure and services for individuals and enterprises,consulting and applications. The company consumers are in Reliance Landline, BroadNet, Rworld, Reliance Global call, Reliance IPTV,Wireless Phone,Mobile-CDMA,GSM etc. The company is a renowned name in the implementation and managing of entire telephony solution.
Top Companies Categories
Accounting Advertising Airlines
Auto Mobile Banks BPO
Consultants E Commerce Entertainment
Export Import Fashion Houses Finance
Health Hotels Insurance
Logistics Marketing Manufacturing
Real Estate Web Designing
Top Global Companies
* General Electric
* Microsoft
* IBM
* Coca-Cola
* Toyota
* Sony
* General Motors
* Wal-Mart
* 3M
* Dell
Other Categories
Art and Craft
Paintings
Museums
Design
Jewellery
Hobbies
More...
Lifestyle
Yoga
Addiction
Recreation
Healthcare
More...
Sports & Games
Dice
Cricket
Puzzles
Sports
More...
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Music
Theatre
Television
News Groups
More...
Occupation
Photography
Astrology
Architect
Music
More...
Culture
Language
Pop Culture
Native Culture
Ethnic Culture
More...
Miscellaneous
Flowers
Finance
Children
Education
More...
Computer
Hardware
Technology
Web Hosting
Software
More...
Top 50
1-10
1-20
1-40
More...
Romance
Romantic Music
Romantic Websites
Romantic Quotations
More...
Wedding
Bridal Wear
Hindu Marriage
Wedding Ideas
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Kids Books
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India
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Copyright 2009. All Rights Reserved
рдеे Circus
Circusthe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the event. For other uses, see Circus (disambiguation).
Advertisement for the Barnum & Bailey Circus, 1900.
Circus related terms
Four similar terms are often confused
* Circus is a production or show.
* Circus arts are the performance forms that relate to the circus (the arts of the circus).
* Circus acts are physical compositions which are performed in the circus.
* Circus skills are the techniques used to create and choreograph the acts.
A circus is commonly a travelling company of performers that may include acrobats, clowns, animals, trapeze acts, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists and other stunt-oriented artists. The word also describes the performance that they give, which is usually a series of acts that are choreographed to music. A circus is held in an oval or circular arena called a ring with tiered seating around its edge; in the case of travelling circuses this location is most often a large tent called the big top.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History of the circus
o 1.1 Origin of the circus
o 1.2 Development of the circus
o 1.3 Contemporary circus
* 2 The circus performance
o 2.1 Circus acts
o 2.2 Animal acts
* 3 Controversy
* 4 Circus music, films, plays, and books
* 5 Circus buildings
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links
[edit] History of the circus
[edit] Origin of the circus
In Ancient Rome the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, displays featuring trained animals, jugglers and acrobats. The circus of Rome is thought to have been influenced by the Greeks, with chariot racing and the exhibition of animals as traditional attractions. The Roman circus consisted of tiers of seats running parallel with the sides of the course, and forming a crescent around one of the ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank; there were also various state boxes, e.g. for the giver of the games and his friends. In Ancient Rome the circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. The Latin word circus comes from the Greek word kirkos meaning “circle or ring”.[1]
The first circus in Rome was the Circus Maximus, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. Next in importance to the Circus Maximus in Rome were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A fourth, the Circus of Maxentius, was constructed by Maxentius; the ruins of this circus have helped archaeologists to reconstruct the Roman circus.
For some time after the fall of Rome, Europe lacked a large and animal-rich circus. Itinerant showmen travelled the fair grounds of Europe. Animal trainers and performers are thought to have exploited the nostalgia for the Roman circus, travelling between towns and performing at local fairs. Another possible link between the Roman and modern circus could have been bands of Gypsies who appeared in Europe in the 14th century and in Britain from the 15th century, bringing with them circus skills and trained animals.[citation needed]
In China's Eastern Han Dynasty, scholar Zhang Heng was one of the first to describe acrobatic theme shows in the royal palaces in his writing "Ode to the Western Capital". A grand acrobatic show was held by Emperor Wu of Han in 108 BC for foreign guests[2]. Most western texts describe the circus as a "Chinese Circus". The Far East generally see it as a separate performance art called Chinese variety art, and is not believed to be a direct predecessor to "Western Circus" despite many stunts and performances being similar.
[edit] Development of the circus
Lion tamer, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1873.
The modern concept of a circus as a circular arena surrounded by tiers of seats, for the exhibition of equestrian, acrobatic and other performances seems to have existed since the late 18th century.[3] The popularity of the circus in England may be traced to that held by Philip Astley in London. The first performance of his circus is said to have been held on January 9, 1768. One of Astley's major contributions to the circus was bringing trick horse-riding into a ring, though Astley referred to it as the Circle. Later, to suit equestrian acts moving from one circus to another, the diameter of the circus ring was set at 42 feet (13 m), which is the size of ring needed for horses to circle comfortably at full gallop. Astley never called his performances a 'circus'; that title was thought up by his rival John Hughes, who set up his Royal Circus a short distance from Astley's 'Amphitheatre of Equestrian Arts' in Lambeth, London. Astley was followed by Andrew Ducrow, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Henglers and Sangers celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were often held in purpose built buildings in large cities, such as the London Hippodrome, which was built as a combination of the circus, the menagerie and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have been produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display.
Trapeze artists, in lithograph by Calvert Litho. Co., 1890.
Antonio Franconi, the founder of the French circus, is credited by many to be a co-creator of the modern circus, along with Philip Astley.
The first circus building in the United States opened in 1793 in Philadelphia with a performance by John Bill Ricketts[4]. George Washington attended a performance there later that season[5]. In the Americas of the first two decades of the 19th century, The Circus of Pepin and Breschard toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities they visited. Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the United States. In 1825 Joshuah Purdy Brown was the first circus owner to use a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer Dan Rice was probably the most famous circus and clown pre-Civil War, popularizing such expressions as "The One-Horse Show" and "Hey, Rube!". The American circus was revolutionized by P. T. Barnum and William Cameron Coup, who launched P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie & Circus, a traveling combination of animal and human oddities, the exhibition of humans as a freak show or sideshow was thus an American invention. Coup was also the first circus entrepreneur to use circus trains to transport the circus from town to town; a practice that continues today and introduced the first multiple ringed circuses.
In 1840 the equestrian Thomas Cooke returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent. Three important circus innovators were Italian Giuseppe Chiarini, and Frenchmen Louis Soullier and Jacques Tourniaire, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, South East Asia, China, South Africa and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866 and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga where it became extremely popular. Following Barnum's death his circus merged with that of James Anthony Bailey, and travelled to Europe as The Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques including the tent and circus train and the combination of circus acts, zoological exhibition and the freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.
The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialog of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers and often of complicated and expensive machinery.
In 1919, Lenin, head of the USSR, expressed a wish for the circus to become 'the people's art-form', given facilities and status on a par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalized the Soviet circuses. In 1927 the State University of Circus and Variety Arts, better known as the Moscow Circus School was established where performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics program. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded, and the high standard of the Russian State circus continues to this day.
Circuses from China, drawing on Chinese traditions of acrobatics, like the Chinese State Circus are also popular touring acts.
The International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo[6] has been held in Monte Carlo since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers.
[edit] Contemporary circus
Main article: Contemporary Circus
Cirque du Soleil performing Dralion in Vienna, 2004
In the 1960s and 1970s, the circus began to lose popularity as people became more interested in alternative forms of entertainment. Some circuses have stayed afloat by merging with other circus companies. There are numerous circuses that maintain animal and human performers, these include Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, Circus Krone[7] from Munich, Circus Royale and Lennon Bros Circus from Australia and the Big Apple Circus.The Circus Circus, a Las Vegas circus-themed casino and the largest permanent big top in the world, presents human but not animal performances.
Cirque nouveau / New Circus is a performing arts movement that developed in the 1970s, simultaneously in France, Australia the West Coast of the U.S. and the U.K . There are no animals used in this type of circus and influences are drawn as much from contemporary culture as from circus history. Examples include Circus Oz forged in Australia in 1977 from SoapBox Circus and New Circus, both founded in the early 1970s, The Pickle Family Circus[8] founded in San Francisco in 1975, and more recently Circus Burlesque from the U.K in 1980 and Nofitstate circus[9] in 1984 from Wales, Cirque du Soleil founded in Quebec, Canada in 1984, Archaos in 1986, Club Swing in 1994, through to more recent examples such as Teatro ZinZanni, founded in Seattle in 1998, Quebec's Cirque ├Йloize, Les 7 Doigts de la Main, also known as The 7 Fingers [10], and the West African (French Guinea - Guin├йe) Circus Baobab[11] in the late 1990s. The form includes other circus troupes such as the Le Cirque Imaginaire, later renamed Le Cirque Invisible both founded and directed by Victoria Chaplin, daughter of Charlie Chaplin, the Tiger Lillies, Circus Monoxide, Acrobat, Dislocate[12], RANGA Circus[13] (now CIRCA, Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army), and Throwdown, while The Jim Rose Circus and The Happy Sideshow are both interesting takes on the sideshow. The Moscow State Circus is a non animal circus.
Swedish nouveau circus company Cirkus Cirk├╢r was founded 1995. U.S. Company PURE Cirkus [14] under the Genre of Cirque Noir, was founded in 2004, and in Northern England, (United Kingdom), combining punk, rap, dance music, comedy, and daring stunts, Skewed Circus[15] delivers "pop-circus" genre entertainment to young urban audiences who have not had the opportunity to visit traditional circuses.
In 2007, Cirque du Soleil revenues were estimated at between US$550–$600 million.[16] In a 2009 interview, Ringling CEO Kenneth Feld stated that low advance ticket sales were offset by increased walk-up traffic. Feld did not reveal any figures but stated that sales were up. [17]
[edit] The circus performance
Fire breathers risk burns, both internal and external, as well as poisoning in the pursuit of their art.
A traditional circus performance is led by a ringmaster who has a role similar to a Master of Ceremonies. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audience, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the six ringed Moscow State Circus. A circus traditionally has its own band.
[edit] Circus acts
Common acts include a variety of acrobatics, gymnastics (including tumbling and trampoline), aerial acts (such as trapeze, aerial silk, corde lisse), contortion, stilts and a variety of other routines. Juggling is one of the most common acts in a circus; the combination of juggling and gymnastics is called equilibristics and include acts like plate spinning or the rolling globe.
Clowns are common to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the act" is a very familiar theme in any circus. Famous circus clowns have included Austin Miles, the Fratellini Family, Emmett Kelly, Grock and Bill Irwin.
Daredevil stunt acts and sideshow acts are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include human cannonball, chapeaugraphy, fire eating, breathing and dancing, knife throwing, magic shows, sword swallowing or strongman. Famous sideshow performers include Zip the Pinhead and The Doll Family. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the flea circus, where fleas were attached to props and viewed through a Fresnel lens.
[edit] Animal acts
Female lion tamer and leopard. Animal rights activists allege that these acts involve cruel training methods.
Elephants from Cole Brothers Circus parade through downtown Los Angeles, 1953
A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus, big cats, elephants, horses, birds, sea lions, bears and domestic animals are the most common.
The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures. As far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment.[18] The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.[19] Mabel Stark was a famous female tiger-tamer.
[edit] Controversy
For long, the use of animals in the circus has been a matter of controversy, as animal-welfare groups have documented many cases of animal cruelty in the training of performing animals.
The Animal Rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical abuse has always been the method for training circus animals. According to PETA, although the US Animal Welfare Act does not permit the use of electric shock prods, whips, hooks, or similar instruments by trainers, these are still used today. According to PETA, during an undercover investigation of Carson & Barnes Circus, video footage was captured showing animal care director Tim Frisco violently and viciously attacking endangered Asian elephants, repeatedly sinking hooks into the animals' flesh until they howled in agony.[20]
In testimony in U.S. District Court in 2009, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus CEO Kenneth Feld acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind the ears, under the chin and on their legs with metal tipped prods, called bull hooks. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers. Feld also acknowledged that an elephant trainer was reprimanded for using an electric shock device, known as a hot shot or electric prod, on an elephant, which Feld also stated was appropriate practice. Feld denied that any of these practices harm elephants.[21]
It is treatment like this that may lie behind cases of unpredictable and dangerous behaviour by circus animals, such as that of a circus elephant called Tyke (1974 – August 20, 1994)[22]. During a Circus International performance in Honolulu, Hawaii on 20 August 1994, Tyke killed her trainer, Allen Campbell, and severely mauled her groomer, Dallas Beckwith, in front of hundreds of horrified spectators. Tyke then bolted from the arena and ran through the streets of Kakaako for more than thirty minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.
In 1998 in the UK, a parliamentary working group chaired by MP Roger Gale studied living conditions and treatment of animals in UK circuses. All members of this group agreed that a change in the law was needed to protect circus animals. Mr Gale told the BBC, "It's undignified and the conditions under which they are kept are woefully inadequate - the cages are too small, the environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time has come for that practice to end." The group reported concerns about boredom and stress, and noted that an independent study by a member of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at Oxford University "found no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation." [23]
Sweden, Austria, Costa Rica, India, Finland, Singapore, Switzerland, and Denmark have already restricted the use of animals in entertainment. The UK and Scottish Parliaments have committed to ban certain wild animals in travelling circuses. In response to a growing popular concern about the use of animals in entertainment, animal-free circuses are becoming more common around the world.[24] Israel has banned any animal from performing in any circus.[citation needed]
In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators have one year from the bill's passage on July 1, 2009 to comply. [25]
[edit] Circus music, films, plays, and books
See also: Circus music
The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The famous circus theme song is actually called "Entrance of the Gladiators", and was composed in 1904 by Julius Fu─Н├нk. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Bull Trombone", "Big Time Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Liberty Bell March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress".
Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical The Circus Girl by Lionel Monckton, Polly of the Circus written in 1907 by Margaret Mayo, He Who Gets Slapped written by Russian Leonid Andreyev 1916 and later adapted into one of the first circus films, Caravan written in 1932 by Carl Zuckmayer, the revue Big Top written by Herbert Farjeon in 1942, Top of the Ladder written by Tyrone Gutheris in 1950, Stop the World, I Want to Get Off written by Anthony Newley in 1961, and Barnum with music by Cy Coleman and lyrics and book by Mark Bramble.
Following the First World War circus films became popular; in 1924 He Who Gets Slapped was the first film released by MGM; in 1925 Sally of the Sawdust (remade 1930), Variety, and Vaudeville were produced, followed by The Devil's Circus in 1926 and The Circus starring Charlie Chaplin, Circus Rookies, 4 Devils; and Laugh Clown Laugh in 1928. German film Salto Mortale about trapeze artists was released in 1930 and remade in the United States and released as Trapeze starring Burt Lancaster in 1956; in 1932 Freaks was released; Charlie Chan at the Circus, Circus (USSR) and The Three Maxiums were released in 1936 and At the Circus starring the Marx Brothers and You Can't Cheat an Honest Man in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War, The Great Profile starring John Barrymore was released in 1940, the animated Disney film Dumbo, Road Show and The Wagons Roll at Night in 1941 and Captive Wild Woman in 1943.
The film Tromba, about a tiger trainer was released in 1948 and in 1952 Cecil B. de Mille's Oscar winning film The Greatest Show on Earth was first shown. Released in 1953 were Man on a Tightrope and Ingmar Bergman's Gycklarnas afton released as Sawdust and Tinsel in the United States; Life is a Circus; Ring of Fear; 3 Ring Circus and La strada an Oscar winning film by Federico Fellini about a girl who is sold to a circus strongman; Fellini made a second film set in the circus called The Clowns in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include B-movie Circus of Horrors, musical Billy Rose's Jumbo, A Tiger Walks a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus and Circus World starring John Wayne.
In the film Jungle Emperor Leo, Leo's son, Lune, is captured and placed in a circus, which burns down when a tiger knocks down a ring of fire while jumping through it.
The TV series Circus Humberto, based on the novel by Eduard Bass, follows the history of the circus family Humberto between 1826-1924. The setting of the HBO television series Carniv├аle, which ran from 2003-2005, is also largely set in a traveling circus.
The circus has also inspired many writers. Numerous books, both non-fiction and fiction, have been published about circus life. Notable examples of circus-based fiction include Circus Humberto by Eduard Bass and Spangled by Gary Jennings.
[edit] Circus buildings
In some towns, there are circus buildings. The best known are
* Circus Krone Building in Munich
* Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard in Moscow
* Shanghai Circus World in Shanghai
* Cirque d'Hiver, Paris
* Budapest Circus
* Blackpool Tower Circus
* Hippodrome Circus, Great Yarmouth
In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the Circus Schumann in Copenhagen, Denmark or Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden.
[edit] See also
The Circus, by Georges Seurat, painted 1891. Original in Mus├йe d'Orsay, Paris.
# This page was last modified on 11 August 2009 at 14:48.
# Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the event. For other uses, see Circus (disambiguation).
Advertisement for the Barnum & Bailey Circus, 1900.
Circus related terms
Four similar terms are often confused
* Circus is a production or show.
* Circus arts are the performance forms that relate to the circus (the arts of the circus).
* Circus acts are physical compositions which are performed in the circus.
* Circus skills are the techniques used to create and choreograph the acts.
A circus is commonly a travelling company of performers that may include acrobats, clowns, animals, trapeze acts, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists and other stunt-oriented artists. The word also describes the performance that they give, which is usually a series of acts that are choreographed to music. A circus is held in an oval or circular arena called a ring with tiered seating around its edge; in the case of travelling circuses this location is most often a large tent called the big top.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History of the circus
o 1.1 Origin of the circus
o 1.2 Development of the circus
o 1.3 Contemporary circus
* 2 The circus performance
o 2.1 Circus acts
o 2.2 Animal acts
* 3 Controversy
* 4 Circus music, films, plays, and books
* 5 Circus buildings
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links
[edit] History of the circus
[edit] Origin of the circus
In Ancient Rome the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, displays featuring trained animals, jugglers and acrobats. The circus of Rome is thought to have been influenced by the Greeks, with chariot racing and the exhibition of animals as traditional attractions. The Roman circus consisted of tiers of seats running parallel with the sides of the course, and forming a crescent around one of the ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank; there were also various state boxes, e.g. for the giver of the games and his friends. In Ancient Rome the circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. The Latin word circus comes from the Greek word kirkos meaning “circle or ring”.[1]
The first circus in Rome was the Circus Maximus, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. Next in importance to the Circus Maximus in Rome were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A fourth, the Circus of Maxentius, was constructed by Maxentius; the ruins of this circus have helped archaeologists to reconstruct the Roman circus.
For some time after the fall of Rome, Europe lacked a large and animal-rich circus. Itinerant showmen travelled the fair grounds of Europe. Animal trainers and performers are thought to have exploited the nostalgia for the Roman circus, travelling between towns and performing at local fairs. Another possible link between the Roman and modern circus could have been bands of Gypsies who appeared in Europe in the 14th century and in Britain from the 15th century, bringing with them circus skills and trained animals.[citation needed]
In China's Eastern Han Dynasty, scholar Zhang Heng was one of the first to describe acrobatic theme shows in the royal palaces in his writing "Ode to the Western Capital". A grand acrobatic show was held by Emperor Wu of Han in 108 BC for foreign guests[2]. Most western texts describe the circus as a "Chinese Circus". The Far East generally see it as a separate performance art called Chinese variety art, and is not believed to be a direct predecessor to "Western Circus" despite many stunts and performances being similar.
[edit] Development of the circus
Lion tamer, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1873.
The modern concept of a circus as a circular arena surrounded by tiers of seats, for the exhibition of equestrian, acrobatic and other performances seems to have existed since the late 18th century.[3] The popularity of the circus in England may be traced to that held by Philip Astley in London. The first performance of his circus is said to have been held on January 9, 1768. One of Astley's major contributions to the circus was bringing trick horse-riding into a ring, though Astley referred to it as the Circle. Later, to suit equestrian acts moving from one circus to another, the diameter of the circus ring was set at 42 feet (13 m), which is the size of ring needed for horses to circle comfortably at full gallop. Astley never called his performances a 'circus'; that title was thought up by his rival John Hughes, who set up his Royal Circus a short distance from Astley's 'Amphitheatre of Equestrian Arts' in Lambeth, London. Astley was followed by Andrew Ducrow, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Henglers and Sangers celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were often held in purpose built buildings in large cities, such as the London Hippodrome, which was built as a combination of the circus, the menagerie and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have been produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display.
Trapeze artists, in lithograph by Calvert Litho. Co., 1890.
Antonio Franconi, the founder of the French circus, is credited by many to be a co-creator of the modern circus, along with Philip Astley.
The first circus building in the United States opened in 1793 in Philadelphia with a performance by John Bill Ricketts[4]. George Washington attended a performance there later that season[5]. In the Americas of the first two decades of the 19th century, The Circus of Pepin and Breschard toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities they visited. Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the United States. In 1825 Joshuah Purdy Brown was the first circus owner to use a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer Dan Rice was probably the most famous circus and clown pre-Civil War, popularizing such expressions as "The One-Horse Show" and "Hey, Rube!". The American circus was revolutionized by P. T. Barnum and William Cameron Coup, who launched P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie & Circus, a traveling combination of animal and human oddities, the exhibition of humans as a freak show or sideshow was thus an American invention. Coup was also the first circus entrepreneur to use circus trains to transport the circus from town to town; a practice that continues today and introduced the first multiple ringed circuses.
In 1840 the equestrian Thomas Cooke returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent. Three important circus innovators were Italian Giuseppe Chiarini, and Frenchmen Louis Soullier and Jacques Tourniaire, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, South East Asia, China, South Africa and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866 and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga where it became extremely popular. Following Barnum's death his circus merged with that of James Anthony Bailey, and travelled to Europe as The Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques including the tent and circus train and the combination of circus acts, zoological exhibition and the freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.
The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialog of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers and often of complicated and expensive machinery.
In 1919, Lenin, head of the USSR, expressed a wish for the circus to become 'the people's art-form', given facilities and status on a par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalized the Soviet circuses. In 1927 the State University of Circus and Variety Arts, better known as the Moscow Circus School was established where performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics program. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded, and the high standard of the Russian State circus continues to this day.
Circuses from China, drawing on Chinese traditions of acrobatics, like the Chinese State Circus are also popular touring acts.
The International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo[6] has been held in Monte Carlo since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers.
[edit] Contemporary circus
Main article: Contemporary Circus
Cirque du Soleil performing Dralion in Vienna, 2004
In the 1960s and 1970s, the circus began to lose popularity as people became more interested in alternative forms of entertainment. Some circuses have stayed afloat by merging with other circus companies. There are numerous circuses that maintain animal and human performers, these include Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, Circus Krone[7] from Munich, Circus Royale and Lennon Bros Circus from Australia and the Big Apple Circus.The Circus Circus, a Las Vegas circus-themed casino and the largest permanent big top in the world, presents human but not animal performances.
Cirque nouveau / New Circus is a performing arts movement that developed in the 1970s, simultaneously in France, Australia the West Coast of the U.S. and the U.K . There are no animals used in this type of circus and influences are drawn as much from contemporary culture as from circus history. Examples include Circus Oz forged in Australia in 1977 from SoapBox Circus and New Circus, both founded in the early 1970s, The Pickle Family Circus[8] founded in San Francisco in 1975, and more recently Circus Burlesque from the U.K in 1980 and Nofitstate circus[9] in 1984 from Wales, Cirque du Soleil founded in Quebec, Canada in 1984, Archaos in 1986, Club Swing in 1994, through to more recent examples such as Teatro ZinZanni, founded in Seattle in 1998, Quebec's Cirque ├Йloize, Les 7 Doigts de la Main, also known as The 7 Fingers [10], and the West African (French Guinea - Guin├йe) Circus Baobab[11] in the late 1990s. The form includes other circus troupes such as the Le Cirque Imaginaire, later renamed Le Cirque Invisible both founded and directed by Victoria Chaplin, daughter of Charlie Chaplin, the Tiger Lillies, Circus Monoxide, Acrobat, Dislocate[12], RANGA Circus[13] (now CIRCA, Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army), and Throwdown, while The Jim Rose Circus and The Happy Sideshow are both interesting takes on the sideshow. The Moscow State Circus is a non animal circus.
Swedish nouveau circus company Cirkus Cirk├╢r was founded 1995. U.S. Company PURE Cirkus [14] under the Genre of Cirque Noir, was founded in 2004, and in Northern England, (United Kingdom), combining punk, rap, dance music, comedy, and daring stunts, Skewed Circus[15] delivers "pop-circus" genre entertainment to young urban audiences who have not had the opportunity to visit traditional circuses.
In 2007, Cirque du Soleil revenues were estimated at between US$550–$600 million.[16] In a 2009 interview, Ringling CEO Kenneth Feld stated that low advance ticket sales were offset by increased walk-up traffic. Feld did not reveal any figures but stated that sales were up. [17]
[edit] The circus performance
Fire breathers risk burns, both internal and external, as well as poisoning in the pursuit of their art.
A traditional circus performance is led by a ringmaster who has a role similar to a Master of Ceremonies. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audience, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the six ringed Moscow State Circus. A circus traditionally has its own band.
[edit] Circus acts
Common acts include a variety of acrobatics, gymnastics (including tumbling and trampoline), aerial acts (such as trapeze, aerial silk, corde lisse), contortion, stilts and a variety of other routines. Juggling is one of the most common acts in a circus; the combination of juggling and gymnastics is called equilibristics and include acts like plate spinning or the rolling globe.
Clowns are common to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the act" is a very familiar theme in any circus. Famous circus clowns have included Austin Miles, the Fratellini Family, Emmett Kelly, Grock and Bill Irwin.
Daredevil stunt acts and sideshow acts are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include human cannonball, chapeaugraphy, fire eating, breathing and dancing, knife throwing, magic shows, sword swallowing or strongman. Famous sideshow performers include Zip the Pinhead and The Doll Family. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the flea circus, where fleas were attached to props and viewed through a Fresnel lens.
[edit] Animal acts
Female lion tamer and leopard. Animal rights activists allege that these acts involve cruel training methods.
Elephants from Cole Brothers Circus parade through downtown Los Angeles, 1953
A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus, big cats, elephants, horses, birds, sea lions, bears and domestic animals are the most common.
The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures. As far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment.[18] The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.[19] Mabel Stark was a famous female tiger-tamer.
[edit] Controversy
For long, the use of animals in the circus has been a matter of controversy, as animal-welfare groups have documented many cases of animal cruelty in the training of performing animals.
The Animal Rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical abuse has always been the method for training circus animals. According to PETA, although the US Animal Welfare Act does not permit the use of electric shock prods, whips, hooks, or similar instruments by trainers, these are still used today. According to PETA, during an undercover investigation of Carson & Barnes Circus, video footage was captured showing animal care director Tim Frisco violently and viciously attacking endangered Asian elephants, repeatedly sinking hooks into the animals' flesh until they howled in agony.[20]
In testimony in U.S. District Court in 2009, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus CEO Kenneth Feld acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind the ears, under the chin and on their legs with metal tipped prods, called bull hooks. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers. Feld also acknowledged that an elephant trainer was reprimanded for using an electric shock device, known as a hot shot or electric prod, on an elephant, which Feld also stated was appropriate practice. Feld denied that any of these practices harm elephants.[21]
It is treatment like this that may lie behind cases of unpredictable and dangerous behaviour by circus animals, such as that of a circus elephant called Tyke (1974 – August 20, 1994)[22]. During a Circus International performance in Honolulu, Hawaii on 20 August 1994, Tyke killed her trainer, Allen Campbell, and severely mauled her groomer, Dallas Beckwith, in front of hundreds of horrified spectators. Tyke then bolted from the arena and ran through the streets of Kakaako for more than thirty minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.
In 1998 in the UK, a parliamentary working group chaired by MP Roger Gale studied living conditions and treatment of animals in UK circuses. All members of this group agreed that a change in the law was needed to protect circus animals. Mr Gale told the BBC, "It's undignified and the conditions under which they are kept are woefully inadequate - the cages are too small, the environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time has come for that practice to end." The group reported concerns about boredom and stress, and noted that an independent study by a member of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at Oxford University "found no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation." [23]
Sweden, Austria, Costa Rica, India, Finland, Singapore, Switzerland, and Denmark have already restricted the use of animals in entertainment. The UK and Scottish Parliaments have committed to ban certain wild animals in travelling circuses. In response to a growing popular concern about the use of animals in entertainment, animal-free circuses are becoming more common around the world.[24] Israel has banned any animal from performing in any circus.[citation needed]
In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators have one year from the bill's passage on July 1, 2009 to comply. [25]
[edit] Circus music, films, plays, and books
See also: Circus music
The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The famous circus theme song is actually called "Entrance of the Gladiators", and was composed in 1904 by Julius Fu─Н├нk. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Bull Trombone", "Big Time Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Liberty Bell March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress".
Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical The Circus Girl by Lionel Monckton, Polly of the Circus written in 1907 by Margaret Mayo, He Who Gets Slapped written by Russian Leonid Andreyev 1916 and later adapted into one of the first circus films, Caravan written in 1932 by Carl Zuckmayer, the revue Big Top written by Herbert Farjeon in 1942, Top of the Ladder written by Tyrone Gutheris in 1950, Stop the World, I Want to Get Off written by Anthony Newley in 1961, and Barnum with music by Cy Coleman and lyrics and book by Mark Bramble.
Following the First World War circus films became popular; in 1924 He Who Gets Slapped was the first film released by MGM; in 1925 Sally of the Sawdust (remade 1930), Variety, and Vaudeville were produced, followed by The Devil's Circus in 1926 and The Circus starring Charlie Chaplin, Circus Rookies, 4 Devils; and Laugh Clown Laugh in 1928. German film Salto Mortale about trapeze artists was released in 1930 and remade in the United States and released as Trapeze starring Burt Lancaster in 1956; in 1932 Freaks was released; Charlie Chan at the Circus, Circus (USSR) and The Three Maxiums were released in 1936 and At the Circus starring the Marx Brothers and You Can't Cheat an Honest Man in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War, The Great Profile starring John Barrymore was released in 1940, the animated Disney film Dumbo, Road Show and The Wagons Roll at Night in 1941 and Captive Wild Woman in 1943.
The film Tromba, about a tiger trainer was released in 1948 and in 1952 Cecil B. de Mille's Oscar winning film The Greatest Show on Earth was first shown. Released in 1953 were Man on a Tightrope and Ingmar Bergman's Gycklarnas afton released as Sawdust and Tinsel in the United States; Life is a Circus; Ring of Fear; 3 Ring Circus and La strada an Oscar winning film by Federico Fellini about a girl who is sold to a circus strongman; Fellini made a second film set in the circus called The Clowns in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include B-movie Circus of Horrors, musical Billy Rose's Jumbo, A Tiger Walks a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus and Circus World starring John Wayne.
In the film Jungle Emperor Leo, Leo's son, Lune, is captured and placed in a circus, which burns down when a tiger knocks down a ring of fire while jumping through it.
The TV series Circus Humberto, based on the novel by Eduard Bass, follows the history of the circus family Humberto between 1826-1924. The setting of the HBO television series Carniv├аle, which ran from 2003-2005, is also largely set in a traveling circus.
The circus has also inspired many writers. Numerous books, both non-fiction and fiction, have been published about circus life. Notable examples of circus-based fiction include Circus Humberto by Eduard Bass and Spangled by Gary Jennings.
[edit] Circus buildings
In some towns, there are circus buildings. The best known are
* Circus Krone Building in Munich
* Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard in Moscow
* Shanghai Circus World in Shanghai
* Cirque d'Hiver, Paris
* Budapest Circus
* Blackpool Tower Circus
* Hippodrome Circus, Great Yarmouth
In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the Circus Schumann in Copenhagen, Denmark or Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden.
[edit] See also
The Circus, by Georges Seurat, painted 1891. Original in Mus├йe d'Orsay, Paris.
# This page was last modified on 11 August 2009 at 14:48.
# Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
# Privacy policy
# About Wikipedia
# Disc
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Mailing List khusus untuk pengguna Matrix Indosat. Info Produk ---------------------- Jelajahi Dunia Matrix Kami mengajak Anda untuk memasuki dimensi baru dalam komunikasi dan nikmati gaya hidup yang semakin fleksibel dengan mobilitas yang semakin tinggi. Rasakan perbedaannya dengan Matrix. Dengan teknologi Dual band GSM900 desertai GSM1800, Matrix memungkinkan sambungan yang sangat cepat, liputan yang lebih luas, dan kualitas sinyal maupun suara yang lebih jernih. Matrix Anda dilengkapi kapasitas SIM card yang lebih besar, menu browser yang canggih sehingga memungkinkan Anda menyimpan lebih banyak nomor dan SMS, serta akan membawa Anda ke dimensi baru Personal Data Communication. Lengkapi diri Anda dengan Satelindo @ccess, pintu gerbang Anda menuju berbagai informasi, komunikasi data interaktif dan mobile transaction. Cukup dengan memilih Satelindo @ccess pada menu Matrix, Anda dapat menikmati semua layanan yang tersedia. Satelindo @ccess memberikan Anda segalanya, mulai dari informasi Bisnis, Layanan Praktis, untuk memperoleh keceriaan dan hiburan. Anda bahkan dapat menentukan sendiri menu apa saja yang tampil pada Menu Browser Anda sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Jelajahi dunia. Matrix memungkinkan Anda diterima dan menggunakan hampir seluruh jaringan GSM di dunia di 5 (lima) benua pada saat Anda sedang berada di luar negeri, dan tentu saja di seluruh jaringan Indosat di kepulauan Indonesia. Dalam starter pack ini, selain kartu SIM Matrix juga terdapat kartu Identitas Matrix yang didalamnya terdapat PIN atau PUK, panduan praktis, panduan pelanggan. Kapasitas : 64 Kilobytes Voltase: 3 volt atau 5 volt Memory SMS : 30 SMS Memory Phone Book : 550 nomor GSM Phase 2+ GSM 900/1800 Personalized PIN/PUK Menu Browser Satelindo@ccess source : www.matrix-centro.com
Topics Frequently Discussed in matrix-community
matrix satelindo satelindo communication matrices matrix 2 keceriaan dual sim mobile phones dual sim card phones www liputan dual sim card data matrix dual sim card mobile www hiburan com phase matrix personalized memories www indosat matrix dual sim card phone menu cards personalized books www indosat com volt com matrix com dual sim mobile phone matrix phone liputan mailing list data card menu card www matrix com puk indosat matrix kilobyte phase book personalized book kilobytes matrices
Message from Group Moderator
Mailing List khusus untuk pengguna Matrix Indosat. Info Produk ---------------------- Jelajahi Dunia Matrix Kami mengajak Anda untuk memasuki dimensi baru dalam komunikasi dan nikmati gaya hidup yang semakin fleksibel dengan mobilitas yang semakin tinggi. Rasakan perbedaannya dengan Matrix. Dengan teknologi Dual band GSM900 desertai GSM1800, Matrix memungkinkan sambungan yang sangat cepat, liputan yang lebih luas, dan kualitas sinyal maupun suara yang lebih jernih. Matrix Anda dilengkapi kapasitas SIM card yang lebih besar, menu browser yang canggih sehingga memungkinkan Anda menyimpan lebih banyak nomor dan SMS, serta akan membawa Anda ke dimensi baru Personal Data Communication. Lengkapi diri Anda dengan Satelindo @ccess, pintu gerbang Anda menuju berbagai informasi, komunikasi data interaktif dan mobile transaction. Cukup dengan memilih Satelindo @ccess pada menu Matrix, Anda dapat menikmati semua layanan yang tersedia. Satelindo @ccess memberikan Anda segalanya, mulai dari informasi Bisnis, Layanan Praktis, untuk memperoleh keceriaan dan hiburan. Anda bahkan dapat menentukan sendiri menu apa saja yang tampil pada Menu Browser Anda sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Jelajahi dunia. Matrix memungkinkan Anda diterima dan menggunakan hampir seluruh jaringan GSM di dunia di 5 (lima) benua pada saat Anda sedang berada di luar negeri, dan tentu saja di seluruh jaringan Indosat di kepulauan Indonesia. Dalam starter pack ini, selain kartu SIM Matrix juga terdapat kartu Identitas Matrix yang didalamnya terdapat PIN atau PUK, panduan praktis, panduan pelanggan. Kapasitas : 64 Kilobytes Voltase: 3 volt atau 5 volt Memory SMS : 30 SMS Memory Phone Book : 550 nomor GSM Phase 2+ GSM 900/1800 Personalized PIN/PUK Menu Browser Satelindo@ccess source : www.matrix-centro.com
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Selasa, 14 Juli 2009
E-Commerce
Info E-Commerce Indonesia Situs Info E-Commerce
Info E-Commerce dirangkum dan diterjemahkan dari berbagai sumber seperti ZDnet, WebIndonesia, Yahoo, Ecommerce Times, Reuters, News.com, Detik.com dll :
EPIDEMIC: VIRUS menyerang sistem e-mail perusahaan- perusahaan besar termasuk Microsoft dan Intel. Server mail Microsoft terpaksa dimatikan hari Jumat. Virus macro yang bernama Melisa ini menggandakan informasi yang berkaitan dengan pornografi dan menyebarkannya melalui sistem email perusahaan. Jumlah korban 60.000 user. Ini merupakan epidemik terbesar yang pernah terjadi.-ZDnet (27 Maret 1999)new2.gif (111 bytes)
Ecommerce mengGlobal. Menurut IDC, dominasi Amerika dalam ecommerce akan segera berakhir - zdnet (21 Maret 1999)
Apakah lebih baik menggunakan nama .com atau .co.id ? Salah satu GURU internet yang paling terkenal memberikan saran -useit.com (21 Maret 1999)
Paul Allen, salah seorang pendiri Microsoft menginvestasikan US$ 750 juta tunai ke perusahaan Go2Net(pemilik hypermart.net). Perusahaan internet ini yang secara mengejutkan telah menghasilkan laba - ZDnet (15 Maret 1999)
Situs Parpol di Internet,Gratisan, Porno sampai Profesional-Detik.com (13 Maret1999)
Harga di Kisaran Rp 12-17 Juta Pentium III Diluncurkan di Indonesia. 'Memacu E-Commerce Rendah Biaya' kata Country Manager Intel Indonesia, Werner Sutanto - Detik.com (2 Maret 1999)
Program Affiliansi mendorong pertumbuhan e-business -ZDnet(3 maret 1999)
Beyond.Com and BuyDirect.Com merger dengan tukar-menukar saham senilai $133M- E-commerce Times (22 Feburari 1999)
Inovasi E-commerce: Produk secara online dapat dilihat 360°. anda dapat lihat penerapannya di BE Direct -E-commerce Times (11Feb 1999)
Lycos bergabung dengan USA Networks' Home Shopping Network dalam transaksi $1.5 milyar.- ZDnet (9 Feb 1999)
Departemen Perdagangan Amerika Serikat akan mulai secara khusus menerbitkan statistik penjualan melalui belanja online (online shopping) karena begitu besar pengaruhnya terhadap penjualan retail. Tahun 1998 penjualan online hanya merupakan 1% dari keseluruhan retail dengan nilai 9 milyar dollar tapi meningkat 300% dari angka tahun 1997 sebesar 3 milyar dollar, tahun ini diperkirakan mencapai 30 milyar dollar. Dapatkah anda bayangkan industri lain yang juga berkembang 3 kali lipat dalam setahun ? - Yahoo News ( 5 Feb 1999), News.com (5 Feb 1999)
Belanja melalui web pages ? Sudah biasa ! Cobalah Virtual Reality shopping di @Mart shopping mall yang telah memiliki 300.000 user dan para raksasa online seperti Amazon.com, CDNow, Beyond.com telah membuka stand mereka - Ecommerce Times ( 4 Feb 1999 )
Penjual bunga di internet melihat mekarnya bunga Valentine - Yahoo News (4 Feb 1999)
Selain bursa saham, Industri Dana Ventura di AS juga menyukai industri ecommerce dengan menyuntikkan dana sebesar 12,2 milyar dollar - San Fransisco Chronicle (3 Feb 1999)
BII Gaet 3.000 Nasabah Internet Banking - Detik.com (2 Feb 1999)
Bill Gates, pimpinan Microsoft mengatakan di depan Forum Ekonomi Dunia di Davos, bahwa saham perusaahan internet memang sudah terlalu tinggi (overvalued), tapi menyatakan bahwa Microsoft akan ikut sedikit dalam kegilaan ini dengan melakukan akuisisi lagi - EMarketer (1 Februari 1999)
Alan Greenspan, pimpinan Bank sentral Amerika Serikat mengatakan di depan Senat komisi budget, bahwa memang terdapat prospek yang benar-benar baik di masa depan bagi sebagian perusahaan internet yang mengalami kenaikan harga saham yang luar biasa karena sebagian besar jalur distribusi barang dan jasa akan berpindah dari konvensional ke internet. Tapi sebagian besar dari perusahaan memang akan gagal, jadi investasi di perusahaan internet akan seperti main lottery - eMarketer (1 Februari 1999)
Mengapa saham perusahaan internet akan turun ?Majalah Economist mengundang pakar untuk mengulasnya - eMarketer (1 Februari 1999)
Harga saham perusahaan Internet sudah terlalu tinggi ? Lihatlah statistik ini - eMarketer (1 Februari 1999)
Pilih situs terbaik menurut Anda (The People's Voice Awards) dan menangkan hadiah jalan-jalan gratis ke San Fransisco - (31 Januari 1999)
Yahoo! membeli GeoCities seharga US$ 3,5 milyar - ECommerce Times (28 Januari 1999)
AOL mengumumkan pendapatan 1998 yang mencapai rekor dengan meningkat 340% - ECommerce Times (28 Januari 1999)
Amazon.com melaporkan penjualan 1998 meningkat 283%, menjadi US$ 610juta, dengan 6,2 juta pelanggan, tapi rugi US$ 124,5 juta - ECommerce Times (27 Januari 1999)
eBay mencapai peningkatan pendapatan 1998 sebesar 724% - ECommerce Times (27 Januari 1999)
Strategi barnesandnoble.com : Naikkan dulu omset penjualan, profit belakangan - CNNfn (27 Januari 1999)
Resep yang terbukti sukses untuk perdagangan online/ ecommerce- Reuters (21 Januari 1999)
Compaq menawar shopping.com US$ 220 juta -Reuters (21 Januari 1999)
Visa melaporkan belanja online pada liburan akhir tahun 1998 sangat sukses - ECommerce Times (01/20/99)
Windows 2000 DITUNDA (20 Januari 1999)
Industri E-Commerce membendung peraturan pemerintah (20 Januari 1999
Survey terbaru memperlihatkan belanja liburan akhir tahun secara online meningkat 230% dengan rata-rata penjualan US$55 -ZDNet(29 Desember 1998)
Aplikasi e-commerce di Indonesia: Tak semudah mengklik di internet - Bisnis Indonesia (5 Desember 1998)
E-commerce akan meraih 400 milyar dollar tahun 2002, bagaimana dengan Indonesia ? Bisnis Indonesia (5 Desember 1998)
Mendapatkan uang melalui internet - Web Indonesia(November 1998)
Menunggu datangnya Portal Indonesia - Detik.com(29 Oktober 1998)
Aplikasi e-commerce Indonesia masih terhambat CA - Bisnis Indonesia (6 Oktober 1998)
Vice President Sales & Marketing Group dan General Manager Intel Asia Pacific Operations, John E. Davies menyarankan agar dunia usaha memanfaatkan teknologi e-commerce untuk mengatasi krisis manajemen serta krisis ekonomi yang kini melanda Indonesia.- Bisnis Indonesia (20 September 1998)
Hambatan e-commerce Indonesia adalah masih rendahnya panetrasi penggunaan PC, akses jaringan, tingkat pendapatan dan kebiasaan budaya - Bisnis Indonesia (8 September 1998)
Pernik-pernik Membuka Toko Online - SwaNet.(Agustus 1998)
Amazon.com Mengakuisisi Planetall.com dan Junglee.com senilai US$280 juta - Infokomputer (6 Agustus 1998)
Era TV online Indonesia dirintis RCTI - Detik.com (22Juli 1998)
Omset Microsoft Indonesia turun 85% - News.com (22 Juli 1998)
Yahoo Akuisisi Viaweb Seharga US$ 49 Juta - InfoKomputer (Juli 1998)
Development Bank of Singapore (DBS) telah meluncurkan apa yang disebutnya "hub e-commerce bisnis-ke-bisnis pertama dan terlengkap di dunia" yang dapat digunakan oleh perusahaan lokal dan regional Asia melakukan transaksi melalui Internet - InfoKomputer (26 Juni 1998)
E-Business: Konsep Baru Pemasaran IBM - InfoKomputer (4 Mei 1998)
Apakah berguna mengiklankan perusahaan Anda di Web di Indonesia? (Mei 98)
Konsep Aplikasi NUSANTARA 21 untuk Electronic Commerce Indonesia (Mei 98)
15 Cara Efisien Untuk Mempromosikan Website Anda (Maret 98)
E-Commerce: Apa Yang Akan Terjadi Di Tahun 98? (Februari 98)
Bagaimana Mengukur potensi Bisnis perusahan anda di internet? (Januari 98)
IBM Dirikan E-Commerce Institute - InfoKomputer (Desember 1997)
Rencana pemasaran online untuk website Anda (Desember 1997)
Bagaimana cara pengunjung datang ke website Anda ? (November 1997)
Perkembangan Internet di Indonesia (17 Desember 1997)
Daftar situs belanja online Indonesia - InfoKomputer (Juni 1997)
Sebagian besar situs yang terdaftar (24 situs) telah almarhum(20). Jadi berhati-hatilah untuk memulai ecommerce di Indonesia. Harus mempunyai nafas yang panjang karena masa keemasan ecommerce Indonesia belum tiba, tapi kita harapkan secepatnya. (Februari 1999)
Perdagangan Online Indonesia masih menunggu pelopor. Pada artikel ini juga terdapat petunjuk bila anda mendapatkan tagihan credit card untuk belanja di internet yang tidak anda lakukan - InfoKomputer (Januari 1997)
Memasarkan Produk melalui Internet (Agustus 1995)
GoTo.com: Search made simple
Affiliate Info
Coba cari Nama Orang Tua Anda, ada ngak ya ?
Yahoo E-Commerce News
Kumpulan berita terbaru perdagangan online(ecommerce) oleh Yahoo
Web Indonesia
Memberi informasi E-commerce Indonesia, juga webdesign, konsultasi dan seminar.
CNET News.com
E-Commerce Times
NewsLinx
Detik.com Net
Berita internet dari media berita online paling cepat di Indonesia
e-marketer: enews
Berita terbaru dari internet.com
NEW! Free2Try.com! Semuanya GRATIS! Laporan Bisnis, Katalog, majalah, vourcher, keanggotaan klub, software, dan Kumpulan situs dari seluruh dunia yang memberikan Undian gratis dengan berhadiah paling menarik!
Get Your Freebie Today!
TV Media Online
Apa itu E-Commerce ?
Electronic Commerce (or ECommerce) is blanket term for a series of activities that includes Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Supply Chain Management tools, and Electronic Payment Systems. These solutions link in a multitude of Business-to-Business (BtoB) and Business to Consumer (BtoC) environments across secure electronic transmission environments such as traditional VANS and currently secure Internet access
Electronic Data Interchange
The computer-to-computer transfer of business transaction information using standard, industry accepted, message formats This information usually takes the form of particular business documents (Purchase Orders, Invoices, DELFORs, etc) replacing some method of traditional transmission – usually mail or fax. Historically a company that switched from traditional methods to EDI saw savings in time and transaction cost
InfoBelanja Online Home | Feedback | About Us
Created & Managed with Microsoft FrontPage Copyright 1999 InfoBelanja Online. http://infobelanja.hypermart.net
We welcome comments, suggestions and etc for this site, please contact us at infobelanja@mail.com
Revised: March 27, 1999.
Info E-Commerce dirangkum dan diterjemahkan dari berbagai sumber seperti ZDnet, WebIndonesia, Yahoo, Ecommerce Times, Reuters, News.com, Detik.com dll :
EPIDEMIC: VIRUS menyerang sistem e-mail perusahaan- perusahaan besar termasuk Microsoft dan Intel. Server mail Microsoft terpaksa dimatikan hari Jumat. Virus macro yang bernama Melisa ini menggandakan informasi yang berkaitan dengan pornografi dan menyebarkannya melalui sistem email perusahaan. Jumlah korban 60.000 user. Ini merupakan epidemik terbesar yang pernah terjadi.-ZDnet (27 Maret 1999)new2.gif (111 bytes)
Ecommerce mengGlobal. Menurut IDC, dominasi Amerika dalam ecommerce akan segera berakhir - zdnet (21 Maret 1999)
Apakah lebih baik menggunakan nama .com atau .co.id ? Salah satu GURU internet yang paling terkenal memberikan saran -useit.com (21 Maret 1999)
Paul Allen, salah seorang pendiri Microsoft menginvestasikan US$ 750 juta tunai ke perusahaan Go2Net(pemilik hypermart.net). Perusahaan internet ini yang secara mengejutkan telah menghasilkan laba - ZDnet (15 Maret 1999)
Situs Parpol di Internet,Gratisan, Porno sampai Profesional-Detik.com (13 Maret1999)
Harga di Kisaran Rp 12-17 Juta Pentium III Diluncurkan di Indonesia. 'Memacu E-Commerce Rendah Biaya' kata Country Manager Intel Indonesia, Werner Sutanto - Detik.com (2 Maret 1999)
Program Affiliansi mendorong pertumbuhan e-business -ZDnet(3 maret 1999)
Beyond.Com and BuyDirect.Com merger dengan tukar-menukar saham senilai $133M- E-commerce Times (22 Feburari 1999)
Inovasi E-commerce: Produk secara online dapat dilihat 360°. anda dapat lihat penerapannya di BE Direct -E-commerce Times (11Feb 1999)
Lycos bergabung dengan USA Networks' Home Shopping Network dalam transaksi $1.5 milyar.- ZDnet (9 Feb 1999)
Departemen Perdagangan Amerika Serikat akan mulai secara khusus menerbitkan statistik penjualan melalui belanja online (online shopping) karena begitu besar pengaruhnya terhadap penjualan retail. Tahun 1998 penjualan online hanya merupakan 1% dari keseluruhan retail dengan nilai 9 milyar dollar tapi meningkat 300% dari angka tahun 1997 sebesar 3 milyar dollar, tahun ini diperkirakan mencapai 30 milyar dollar. Dapatkah anda bayangkan industri lain yang juga berkembang 3 kali lipat dalam setahun ? - Yahoo News ( 5 Feb 1999), News.com (5 Feb 1999)
Belanja melalui web pages ? Sudah biasa ! Cobalah Virtual Reality shopping di @Mart shopping mall yang telah memiliki 300.000 user dan para raksasa online seperti Amazon.com, CDNow, Beyond.com telah membuka stand mereka - Ecommerce Times ( 4 Feb 1999 )
Penjual bunga di internet melihat mekarnya bunga Valentine - Yahoo News (4 Feb 1999)
Selain bursa saham, Industri Dana Ventura di AS juga menyukai industri ecommerce dengan menyuntikkan dana sebesar 12,2 milyar dollar - San Fransisco Chronicle (3 Feb 1999)
BII Gaet 3.000 Nasabah Internet Banking - Detik.com (2 Feb 1999)
Bill Gates, pimpinan Microsoft mengatakan di depan Forum Ekonomi Dunia di Davos, bahwa saham perusaahan internet memang sudah terlalu tinggi (overvalued), tapi menyatakan bahwa Microsoft akan ikut sedikit dalam kegilaan ini dengan melakukan akuisisi lagi - EMarketer (1 Februari 1999)
Alan Greenspan, pimpinan Bank sentral Amerika Serikat mengatakan di depan Senat komisi budget, bahwa memang terdapat prospek yang benar-benar baik di masa depan bagi sebagian perusahaan internet yang mengalami kenaikan harga saham yang luar biasa karena sebagian besar jalur distribusi barang dan jasa akan berpindah dari konvensional ke internet. Tapi sebagian besar dari perusahaan memang akan gagal, jadi investasi di perusahaan internet akan seperti main lottery - eMarketer (1 Februari 1999)
Mengapa saham perusahaan internet akan turun ?Majalah Economist mengundang pakar untuk mengulasnya - eMarketer (1 Februari 1999)
Harga saham perusahaan Internet sudah terlalu tinggi ? Lihatlah statistik ini - eMarketer (1 Februari 1999)
Pilih situs terbaik menurut Anda (The People's Voice Awards) dan menangkan hadiah jalan-jalan gratis ke San Fransisco - (31 Januari 1999)
Yahoo! membeli GeoCities seharga US$ 3,5 milyar - ECommerce Times (28 Januari 1999)
AOL mengumumkan pendapatan 1998 yang mencapai rekor dengan meningkat 340% - ECommerce Times (28 Januari 1999)
Amazon.com melaporkan penjualan 1998 meningkat 283%, menjadi US$ 610juta, dengan 6,2 juta pelanggan, tapi rugi US$ 124,5 juta - ECommerce Times (27 Januari 1999)
eBay mencapai peningkatan pendapatan 1998 sebesar 724% - ECommerce Times (27 Januari 1999)
Strategi barnesandnoble.com : Naikkan dulu omset penjualan, profit belakangan - CNNfn (27 Januari 1999)
Resep yang terbukti sukses untuk perdagangan online/ ecommerce- Reuters (21 Januari 1999)
Compaq menawar shopping.com US$ 220 juta -Reuters (21 Januari 1999)
Visa melaporkan belanja online pada liburan akhir tahun 1998 sangat sukses - ECommerce Times (01/20/99)
Windows 2000 DITUNDA (20 Januari 1999)
Industri E-Commerce membendung peraturan pemerintah (20 Januari 1999
Survey terbaru memperlihatkan belanja liburan akhir tahun secara online meningkat 230% dengan rata-rata penjualan US$55 -ZDNet(29 Desember 1998)
Aplikasi e-commerce di Indonesia: Tak semudah mengklik di internet - Bisnis Indonesia (5 Desember 1998)
E-commerce akan meraih 400 milyar dollar tahun 2002, bagaimana dengan Indonesia ? Bisnis Indonesia (5 Desember 1998)
Mendapatkan uang melalui internet - Web Indonesia(November 1998)
Menunggu datangnya Portal Indonesia - Detik.com(29 Oktober 1998)
Aplikasi e-commerce Indonesia masih terhambat CA - Bisnis Indonesia (6 Oktober 1998)
Vice President Sales & Marketing Group dan General Manager Intel Asia Pacific Operations, John E. Davies menyarankan agar dunia usaha memanfaatkan teknologi e-commerce untuk mengatasi krisis manajemen serta krisis ekonomi yang kini melanda Indonesia.- Bisnis Indonesia (20 September 1998)
Hambatan e-commerce Indonesia adalah masih rendahnya panetrasi penggunaan PC, akses jaringan, tingkat pendapatan dan kebiasaan budaya - Bisnis Indonesia (8 September 1998)
Pernik-pernik Membuka Toko Online - SwaNet.(Agustus 1998)
Amazon.com Mengakuisisi Planetall.com dan Junglee.com senilai US$280 juta - Infokomputer (6 Agustus 1998)
Era TV online Indonesia dirintis RCTI - Detik.com (22Juli 1998)
Omset Microsoft Indonesia turun 85% - News.com (22 Juli 1998)
Yahoo Akuisisi Viaweb Seharga US$ 49 Juta - InfoKomputer (Juli 1998)
Development Bank of Singapore (DBS) telah meluncurkan apa yang disebutnya "hub e-commerce bisnis-ke-bisnis pertama dan terlengkap di dunia" yang dapat digunakan oleh perusahaan lokal dan regional Asia melakukan transaksi melalui Internet - InfoKomputer (26 Juni 1998)
E-Business: Konsep Baru Pemasaran IBM - InfoKomputer (4 Mei 1998)
Apakah berguna mengiklankan perusahaan Anda di Web di Indonesia? (Mei 98)
Konsep Aplikasi NUSANTARA 21 untuk Electronic Commerce Indonesia (Mei 98)
15 Cara Efisien Untuk Mempromosikan Website Anda (Maret 98)
E-Commerce: Apa Yang Akan Terjadi Di Tahun 98? (Februari 98)
Bagaimana Mengukur potensi Bisnis perusahan anda di internet? (Januari 98)
IBM Dirikan E-Commerce Institute - InfoKomputer (Desember 1997)
Rencana pemasaran online untuk website Anda (Desember 1997)
Bagaimana cara pengunjung datang ke website Anda ? (November 1997)
Perkembangan Internet di Indonesia (17 Desember 1997)
Daftar situs belanja online Indonesia - InfoKomputer (Juni 1997)
Sebagian besar situs yang terdaftar (24 situs) telah almarhum(20). Jadi berhati-hatilah untuk memulai ecommerce di Indonesia. Harus mempunyai nafas yang panjang karena masa keemasan ecommerce Indonesia belum tiba, tapi kita harapkan secepatnya. (Februari 1999)
Perdagangan Online Indonesia masih menunggu pelopor. Pada artikel ini juga terdapat petunjuk bila anda mendapatkan tagihan credit card untuk belanja di internet yang tidak anda lakukan - InfoKomputer (Januari 1997)
Memasarkan Produk melalui Internet (Agustus 1995)
GoTo.com: Search made simple
Affiliate Info
Coba cari Nama Orang Tua Anda, ada ngak ya ?
Yahoo E-Commerce News
Kumpulan berita terbaru perdagangan online(ecommerce) oleh Yahoo
Web Indonesia
Memberi informasi E-commerce Indonesia, juga webdesign, konsultasi dan seminar.
CNET News.com
E-Commerce Times
NewsLinx
Detik.com Net
Berita internet dari media berita online paling cepat di Indonesia
e-marketer: enews
Berita terbaru dari internet.com
NEW! Free2Try.com! Semuanya GRATIS! Laporan Bisnis, Katalog, majalah, vourcher, keanggotaan klub, software, dan Kumpulan situs dari seluruh dunia yang memberikan Undian gratis dengan berhadiah paling menarik!
Get Your Freebie Today!
TV Media Online
Apa itu E-Commerce ?
Electronic Commerce (or ECommerce) is blanket term for a series of activities that includes Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Supply Chain Management tools, and Electronic Payment Systems. These solutions link in a multitude of Business-to-Business (BtoB) and Business to Consumer (BtoC) environments across secure electronic transmission environments such as traditional VANS and currently secure Internet access
Electronic Data Interchange
The computer-to-computer transfer of business transaction information using standard, industry accepted, message formats This information usually takes the form of particular business documents (Purchase Orders, Invoices, DELFORs, etc) replacing some method of traditional transmission – usually mail or fax. Historically a company that switched from traditional methods to EDI saw savings in time and transaction cost
InfoBelanja Online Home | Feedback | About Us
Created & Managed with Microsoft FrontPage Copyright 1999 InfoBelanja Online. http://infobelanja.hypermart.net
We welcome comments, suggestions and etc for this site, please contact us at infobelanja@mail.com
Revised: March 27, 1999.
Minggu, 14 Juni 2009
(http://www.forumbebas.com)
Pesantren Waria Laris Peminat - Printable Version
+- Forum Bebas Indonesia (http://www.forumbebas.com)
+-- Forum: Hot Rooms (/forum-5.html)
+--- Forum: [CJDW™] Citizen Journalism & Dunia Warta (/forum-16.html)
+--- Thread: Pesantren Waria Laris Peminat (/thread-44642.html)
Pesantren Waria Laris Peminat - Ceplas_Ceplos - 15 Nov 2008 22:19
Nyantri, Profesi Jalan Terus
JOGJAKARTA-Pondok pesantren (Ponpes) Senin-Kamis di Notoyudan, Kecamatan Ngampilan, Jogjakarta ini bisa dibilang nyempal dari ciri-ciri ponpes pada umumnya.
Biasanya, penuntut ilmu di pondok pesantren (ponpes) hanya terbagi dua, yakni santri putra dan santri putri. Namun di Ponpes Senin-Kamis ini, para santrinya `istimewa`. Yang ada hanyalah santri waria karena ponpes ini memang dikhususnya untuk mereka.
Karena itu, ponpes yang didirikan mantan aktivis waria bernama Maryani yang pernah `beroperasi` di Kota Surabaya ini, mengundang polemik. Banyak yang mendukung, tapi ada pula yang mencurigai keberadaannya. Meski demikian, ponpes yang baru berdiri sekitar 3 bulan ini, banyak diminati.
"Setahu saya, pondok pesantren khusus waria yang ada di Indonesia ya baru pesantren kami ini. Meski khusus waria, tapi kami juga menerima kaum lesbi dan gay sebagai santri. Sebab, seperti halnya waria, lesbi itu perempuan tapi berjiwa laki-laki.
Sedangkan gay itu laki-laki berjiwa perempuan," terang Maryani, pencetus sekaligus pimpinan Ponpes Senin-Kamis, saat ditemui Surya di markas Ponpes Senin-Kamis, Jumat (14/11) kemarin.
Ponpes yang berada di tengah permukiman itu sulit dikenali andai saja tidak ada papan nama yang menyebut jelas “Pondok Pesantren Khusus Waria Senin-Kamis” di bagian depannya. Sebab, di bangunan sederhana yang dijadikan sebagai ponpes itu, yang lebih terlihat kesibukannya sehari-hari adalah salon kecantikan dan rias pengantin “Ariyani” milik Maryani.
Ponpes itu memang menyatu dengan salon “Ariyani” dan juga tempat tinggal Maryani. Bangunannya tak seberapa luas dan memiliki beberapa ruang. Ruang tamu merangkap salon, ruang tengah sekaligus ruang tidur para santri, dua kamar tidur kecil, ruang dapur dan kamar mandi.
Menurut Maryani, tidak gampang menarik para waria untuk belajar agama, apalagi dengan sistem pesantren, yang mengharuskan santri menginap di ponpes. Karena itu, Ponpes Khusus Waria Senin-Kamis ini hanya menyelenggarakan kegiatan pada hari Minggu petang hingga Senin malam.
Hal ini untuk menyesuaikan dengan kesibukan dan keinginan para santri ponpes, yang berasal dari beragam profesi. Ada yang pekerja salon, pengamen atau `pekerja malam`.
Meski demikian, kata Maryani, minat para waria untuk mengikuti kegiatan ponpes yang baru berdiri sekitar 3 bulan ini, tergolong tinggi. Saat ini, jumlah santrinya sekitar 25 orang.
"Dulu, kegiatan pesantren dilakukan setiap Senin dan Kamis, karena itulah pesantren ini dinamakan Ponpes Senin-Kamis. Alasan pemilihan nama Senin-Kamis karena hari Senin dan Kamis biasanya digunakan oleh orang Jawa untuk bertirakat atau beribadah, misalnya puasa," jelas Maryani, waria kelahiran 15 Agustus 1960 ini.
Para santri di Ponpes Senin-Kamis ini dibimbing oleh 25 ustadz yang datang dari berbagai tempat di Jogjakarta. Antara lain Ustdaz Heri Banaran, Ustadz Heri Gunungkidul, dan Ustadz Andi. Mereka datang ke sana atas perintah KH Hamrolie Harun MSc, pendiri dan pengasuh utama Pengajian Mujahadah Al Falah Jogjakarta.
KH Hamrolie berperan besar bagi lahirnya Ponpes Senin-Kamis. Menurut Maryani, ide untuk mendirikan ponpes khusus waria bermula dari kegiatannya mengikuti pengajian di tempat KH Hamrolie di kawasan Pathuk, Jogjakarta, sekitar 10 tahun lalu. Kegiatan Ponpes
Apa saja materi kegiatan yang diikuti oleh para santri waria di ponpes tersebut?
Maryani menjelaskan, kegiatan ponpes dimulai pada Minggu pukul 17.30 WIB dengan salat magrib.
Setelah itu, sepanjang Minggu malam sampai Senin subuh, para santri menjalani berbagai kegiatan seperti zikir kesehatan dan zikir ekonomi, membaca salawat nariyah 100 kali dan beberapa wirid lainnya. Juga diadakan salat tahajud, dan makan sahur untuk puasa sunah Senin.
Kegiatan ini dipungkasi dengan olahraga pada Senin pukul 05.00 WIB.
Kemudian, kegiatan Senin diawali pada pukul 08.00 WIB dengan salat dhuha 8 rakaat dengan dua kali salam. Rangkaian aktivitas yang dilakukan pada Senin, antara lain belajar membaca Alquran dan belajar salat (bagi yang belum bisa), membaca tasbih 500 kali, dan berbuka puasa.
Kegiatan Senin dipungkasi pada pukul 19.30 WIB, saat para santri pulang ke tempat masing-masing.
"Para santri tidak harus mengikuti kegiatan secara penuh. Boleh mengambil sebagian kegiatan sesuai kemampuan masing-masing," jelas Maryani.
Berapa biaya setiap waria yang nyantri di ponpes itu? Menurut Maryani, mereka tak dipungut bayaran, alias gratis. Para santri biasanya datang hanya membawa pakaian dan peralatan untuk mandi dan berhias, sedangkan sarung dan mukena sudah tersedia di ponpes.
"Saya sediakan sarung dan mukena, biar mereka memilih sendiri mau pakai yang mana, yang mereka anggap nyaman. Saya sendiri biasa memakai mukena karena saya sudah merasa menjadi perempuan," tegas waria yang memiliki anak perempuan hasil adopsi berusia delapan tahun bernama Rizki Ariyani tersebut.
Ditanya mengenai biaya yang dia keluarkan untuk mengelola ponpes waria tersebut, Maryani menolak menyebutkan. Alasannya, dia merasa ikhlas sehingga tak perlu merinci dana yang sudah dikeluarkan maupun memperkirakan dana yang akan dikeluarkan.
Namun, Ny Sarni yang sehari-hari membantu Maryani mengatakan, rata-rata uang yang dikeluarkan Maryani secara pribadi untuk kegiatan ponpes selama Minggu petang hingga Senin malam sekitar Rp 100.000.
“Kalau ada orang yang membantu, saya terima. Tapi saya tidak pernah meminta-minta bantuan ke para donatur karena tidak mau dituduh mendirikan pesantren hanya untuk kedok mencari uang," tandas Maryani.
Dia bersyukur, masih ada orang-orang yang peduli kepada kaum waria. Misalnya, para ustadz yang bersedia mengajar para santri waria dengan tanpa dipungut bayaran, bahkan kadang-kadang malah memberi bantuan.
"Pada bulan puasa lalu, misalnya, ada ustadz yang membantu makanan atau makanan kecil," kenangnya.
Maryani juga bersyukur karena keberadaan ponpesnya diterima oleh masyarakat setempat, termasuk pihak takmir masjid di kampungnya. "Pak Dulmajid, takmir masjid di kampung ini, juga mendukung ponpes kami," kata Maryani
Sumber
+- Forum Bebas Indonesia (http://www.forumbebas.com)
+-- Forum: Hot Rooms (/forum-5.html)
+--- Forum: [CJDW™] Citizen Journalism & Dunia Warta (/forum-16.html)
+--- Thread: Pesantren Waria Laris Peminat (/thread-44642.html)
Pesantren Waria Laris Peminat - Ceplas_Ceplos - 15 Nov 2008 22:19
Nyantri, Profesi Jalan Terus
JOGJAKARTA-Pondok pesantren (Ponpes) Senin-Kamis di Notoyudan, Kecamatan Ngampilan, Jogjakarta ini bisa dibilang nyempal dari ciri-ciri ponpes pada umumnya.
Biasanya, penuntut ilmu di pondok pesantren (ponpes) hanya terbagi dua, yakni santri putra dan santri putri. Namun di Ponpes Senin-Kamis ini, para santrinya `istimewa`. Yang ada hanyalah santri waria karena ponpes ini memang dikhususnya untuk mereka.
Karena itu, ponpes yang didirikan mantan aktivis waria bernama Maryani yang pernah `beroperasi` di Kota Surabaya ini, mengundang polemik. Banyak yang mendukung, tapi ada pula yang mencurigai keberadaannya. Meski demikian, ponpes yang baru berdiri sekitar 3 bulan ini, banyak diminati.
"Setahu saya, pondok pesantren khusus waria yang ada di Indonesia ya baru pesantren kami ini. Meski khusus waria, tapi kami juga menerima kaum lesbi dan gay sebagai santri. Sebab, seperti halnya waria, lesbi itu perempuan tapi berjiwa laki-laki.
Sedangkan gay itu laki-laki berjiwa perempuan," terang Maryani, pencetus sekaligus pimpinan Ponpes Senin-Kamis, saat ditemui Surya di markas Ponpes Senin-Kamis, Jumat (14/11) kemarin.
Ponpes yang berada di tengah permukiman itu sulit dikenali andai saja tidak ada papan nama yang menyebut jelas “Pondok Pesantren Khusus Waria Senin-Kamis” di bagian depannya. Sebab, di bangunan sederhana yang dijadikan sebagai ponpes itu, yang lebih terlihat kesibukannya sehari-hari adalah salon kecantikan dan rias pengantin “Ariyani” milik Maryani.
Ponpes itu memang menyatu dengan salon “Ariyani” dan juga tempat tinggal Maryani. Bangunannya tak seberapa luas dan memiliki beberapa ruang. Ruang tamu merangkap salon, ruang tengah sekaligus ruang tidur para santri, dua kamar tidur kecil, ruang dapur dan kamar mandi.
Menurut Maryani, tidak gampang menarik para waria untuk belajar agama, apalagi dengan sistem pesantren, yang mengharuskan santri menginap di ponpes. Karena itu, Ponpes Khusus Waria Senin-Kamis ini hanya menyelenggarakan kegiatan pada hari Minggu petang hingga Senin malam.
Hal ini untuk menyesuaikan dengan kesibukan dan keinginan para santri ponpes, yang berasal dari beragam profesi. Ada yang pekerja salon, pengamen atau `pekerja malam`.
Meski demikian, kata Maryani, minat para waria untuk mengikuti kegiatan ponpes yang baru berdiri sekitar 3 bulan ini, tergolong tinggi. Saat ini, jumlah santrinya sekitar 25 orang.
"Dulu, kegiatan pesantren dilakukan setiap Senin dan Kamis, karena itulah pesantren ini dinamakan Ponpes Senin-Kamis. Alasan pemilihan nama Senin-Kamis karena hari Senin dan Kamis biasanya digunakan oleh orang Jawa untuk bertirakat atau beribadah, misalnya puasa," jelas Maryani, waria kelahiran 15 Agustus 1960 ini.
Para santri di Ponpes Senin-Kamis ini dibimbing oleh 25 ustadz yang datang dari berbagai tempat di Jogjakarta. Antara lain Ustdaz Heri Banaran, Ustadz Heri Gunungkidul, dan Ustadz Andi. Mereka datang ke sana atas perintah KH Hamrolie Harun MSc, pendiri dan pengasuh utama Pengajian Mujahadah Al Falah Jogjakarta.
KH Hamrolie berperan besar bagi lahirnya Ponpes Senin-Kamis. Menurut Maryani, ide untuk mendirikan ponpes khusus waria bermula dari kegiatannya mengikuti pengajian di tempat KH Hamrolie di kawasan Pathuk, Jogjakarta, sekitar 10 tahun lalu. Kegiatan Ponpes
Apa saja materi kegiatan yang diikuti oleh para santri waria di ponpes tersebut?
Maryani menjelaskan, kegiatan ponpes dimulai pada Minggu pukul 17.30 WIB dengan salat magrib.
Setelah itu, sepanjang Minggu malam sampai Senin subuh, para santri menjalani berbagai kegiatan seperti zikir kesehatan dan zikir ekonomi, membaca salawat nariyah 100 kali dan beberapa wirid lainnya. Juga diadakan salat tahajud, dan makan sahur untuk puasa sunah Senin.
Kegiatan ini dipungkasi dengan olahraga pada Senin pukul 05.00 WIB.
Kemudian, kegiatan Senin diawali pada pukul 08.00 WIB dengan salat dhuha 8 rakaat dengan dua kali salam. Rangkaian aktivitas yang dilakukan pada Senin, antara lain belajar membaca Alquran dan belajar salat (bagi yang belum bisa), membaca tasbih 500 kali, dan berbuka puasa.
Kegiatan Senin dipungkasi pada pukul 19.30 WIB, saat para santri pulang ke tempat masing-masing.
"Para santri tidak harus mengikuti kegiatan secara penuh. Boleh mengambil sebagian kegiatan sesuai kemampuan masing-masing," jelas Maryani.
Berapa biaya setiap waria yang nyantri di ponpes itu? Menurut Maryani, mereka tak dipungut bayaran, alias gratis. Para santri biasanya datang hanya membawa pakaian dan peralatan untuk mandi dan berhias, sedangkan sarung dan mukena sudah tersedia di ponpes.
"Saya sediakan sarung dan mukena, biar mereka memilih sendiri mau pakai yang mana, yang mereka anggap nyaman. Saya sendiri biasa memakai mukena karena saya sudah merasa menjadi perempuan," tegas waria yang memiliki anak perempuan hasil adopsi berusia delapan tahun bernama Rizki Ariyani tersebut.
Ditanya mengenai biaya yang dia keluarkan untuk mengelola ponpes waria tersebut, Maryani menolak menyebutkan. Alasannya, dia merasa ikhlas sehingga tak perlu merinci dana yang sudah dikeluarkan maupun memperkirakan dana yang akan dikeluarkan.
Namun, Ny Sarni yang sehari-hari membantu Maryani mengatakan, rata-rata uang yang dikeluarkan Maryani secara pribadi untuk kegiatan ponpes selama Minggu petang hingga Senin malam sekitar Rp 100.000.
“Kalau ada orang yang membantu, saya terima. Tapi saya tidak pernah meminta-minta bantuan ke para donatur karena tidak mau dituduh mendirikan pesantren hanya untuk kedok mencari uang," tandas Maryani.
Dia bersyukur, masih ada orang-orang yang peduli kepada kaum waria. Misalnya, para ustadz yang bersedia mengajar para santri waria dengan tanpa dipungut bayaran, bahkan kadang-kadang malah memberi bantuan.
"Pada bulan puasa lalu, misalnya, ada ustadz yang membantu makanan atau makanan kecil," kenangnya.
Maryani juga bersyukur karena keberadaan ponpesnya diterima oleh masyarakat setempat, termasuk pihak takmir masjid di kampungnya. "Pak Dulmajid, takmir masjid di kampung ini, juga mendukung ponpes kami," kata Maryani
Sumber
Selasa, 09 Juni 2009
Sistem Informasi Manajemen
Ruang Kuliah
Fakultas: Ekonomi
Mata Kuliah: Sistem Informasi Manajemen
Subbahasan: Teknologi Informasi - Keunggulan Kompetitif
Lingkungan suatu perusahaan terdiri dari delapan elemen utama. Elemen-elemen lingkungan ini adalah organisasi atau individu yang berada di luar perusahaan dan memiliki pengaruh langsung maupun tidak langsung kepada perusahaan. Kedelapan elemen tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Pemasok: menyediakan material, mesin, jasa, dan informasi yang digunakan oleh perusahaan untuk menghasilkan barang dan atau jasa
2. Pelanggan: pembeli dari barang dan atau jasa yang ditawarkan oleh perusahaan
3. Serikat Pekerja: organisasi dari para pekerja perusahaan
4. Masyarakat Keuangan: Lembaga-lembaga yang menyediakan sumber daya keuangan bagi perusahaan
5. Pemegang Saham: pemilik yang menanamkan modalnya pada perusahaan
6. Pesaing: organisasi atau perusahaan yang bersaing dengan perusahaan di pasar
7. Pemerintah: mempengaruhi perusahaan melalui serangkaian kebijakan dan programnya
8. Masyarakat Global: wilayah geografis tempat perusahaan melaksanakan operasinya
Elemen-elemen tersebut di atas membentuk supersistem yang disebut masyarakat. Sumber daya mengalir antara perusahaan dengan elemen-elemen lingkungan.
Perusahaan menggunakan informasi untuk mencapai keunggulan kompetitif pada awalnya dimulai dengan membuat hubungan komputer dengan pelanggan. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) memberikan dasar teknologi bagi perusahaan-perusahaan untuk berkumpul membentuk sistem antar organisasi - IOS (Inter Organizational System). EDI dapat menangani transmisi elektronik kepada dan dari para pelanggan , pemasok, pemerintah, dan masyarakat keuangan. Arus informasi dengan elemen lainnya lebih sukar dilakukan secara elektronik, dan menggunakan hubungnan non-komputer. Arus informasi antara semua lingkungan sangat penting terhadap keunggulan kompetitif.
Sumber daya informasi terdiri dari:
* Perangkat keras komputer
* Perangkat lunak komputer
* Spesialis informasi
* Fasilitas
* Database
* Informasi
Sumber daya informasi tersebut dikelola oleh CIO (Chief Information Officer), sebagai manajer jasa informasi yang menyumbangkan keahliannya dalam memecahkan masalah yang berkaitan dengan sumber daya informasi maupun area operasi perusahaan lainnya.
Pendekatan dari perencanaan strategis sumber daya informasi diawali dengan strategy set transformation, yang kemudian menjadi strategic planning for information resources.
strategy set transformation
langkah I --> Kumpulan strategi organisasi, memuat: misi, tujuan, strategi, atribut strategi organisasi lainnya
Langkah II --> Management information system strategy set, memuat: tujuan, kendala, dan strategi rancangan sistem
Kelemahan dari pendekatan ini area-area fungsional tidak selalu memiliki sumber daya untuk menjamin tercapainya tujuan strategis perusahaan.
strategic planning for information resources
Pada pendekatan ini perencanaan strategis jasa informasi dengan perencanaan strategis perusahaan dikembangkan secara bersamaan. Rencana perusahaan mencerminkan dukungan yang dapat disediakan oleh jasa informasi, dan rencana jasa informasi mencerminkan dukungan sistem di masa depan.
Isi rencana strategis sumber daya informasi:
1. tujuan-tujuan yang akan dicapai oleh tiap-tiap subsistem CBIS (Computer Based information System) selama periode perncanaan
2. sumber daya informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut
End User Computing
Pemakai akhir dapat digolongkan menjadi empat tingkatan berdasarkan pengetahuannya:
* menu-level end-users
* command-level end-users
* end-users programmers
* functional support personnel
Manfaat end-user computing:
* pemindahan beban kerja
* mengurangi kesenjangan komunikasi
Resiko end user computing:
* sistem yang tidak tepat sasaran
* sistem yang tidak baik rancangan dan dokumentasinya
* penggunaan sumber daya informasi yang tidak efisien
* hilangnya integritas data
* hilangnya keamanan
Manajemen sumber daya informasi (MSDI)
Manajemen sumber daya informasi melibatkan semua manajer yang ada dalam perusahaan. MSDI dapat berkembang dengan kondisi:
1. perusahaan berusaha memanfaatkan informasi untuk mencapai keunggulan kompetitif
2. para eksekutif menyadari jasa informasi sebagai suatu area fungsional utama
3. CIO diterima dalam lingkungan elit eksekutif
4. dalam perencanaan strategis, eksekutif memperhatikan sumber daya informasi
5. adanya suatu rencana strategis sumber daya informasi yang formal
6. diperhatikannya masalah end-user computing
Copyright © 1998 Akademika WebSite by Muhamad Shiroth
All rights reserved.
111.11.1100011.10001110001.01001
Fakultas: Ekonomi
Mata Kuliah: Sistem Informasi Manajemen
Subbahasan: Teknologi Informasi - Keunggulan Kompetitif
Lingkungan suatu perusahaan terdiri dari delapan elemen utama. Elemen-elemen lingkungan ini adalah organisasi atau individu yang berada di luar perusahaan dan memiliki pengaruh langsung maupun tidak langsung kepada perusahaan. Kedelapan elemen tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Pemasok: menyediakan material, mesin, jasa, dan informasi yang digunakan oleh perusahaan untuk menghasilkan barang dan atau jasa
2. Pelanggan: pembeli dari barang dan atau jasa yang ditawarkan oleh perusahaan
3. Serikat Pekerja: organisasi dari para pekerja perusahaan
4. Masyarakat Keuangan: Lembaga-lembaga yang menyediakan sumber daya keuangan bagi perusahaan
5. Pemegang Saham: pemilik yang menanamkan modalnya pada perusahaan
6. Pesaing: organisasi atau perusahaan yang bersaing dengan perusahaan di pasar
7. Pemerintah: mempengaruhi perusahaan melalui serangkaian kebijakan dan programnya
8. Masyarakat Global: wilayah geografis tempat perusahaan melaksanakan operasinya
Elemen-elemen tersebut di atas membentuk supersistem yang disebut masyarakat. Sumber daya mengalir antara perusahaan dengan elemen-elemen lingkungan.
Perusahaan menggunakan informasi untuk mencapai keunggulan kompetitif pada awalnya dimulai dengan membuat hubungan komputer dengan pelanggan. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) memberikan dasar teknologi bagi perusahaan-perusahaan untuk berkumpul membentuk sistem antar organisasi - IOS (Inter Organizational System). EDI dapat menangani transmisi elektronik kepada dan dari para pelanggan , pemasok, pemerintah, dan masyarakat keuangan. Arus informasi dengan elemen lainnya lebih sukar dilakukan secara elektronik, dan menggunakan hubungnan non-komputer. Arus informasi antara semua lingkungan sangat penting terhadap keunggulan kompetitif.
Sumber daya informasi terdiri dari:
* Perangkat keras komputer
* Perangkat lunak komputer
* Spesialis informasi
* Fasilitas
* Database
* Informasi
Sumber daya informasi tersebut dikelola oleh CIO (Chief Information Officer), sebagai manajer jasa informasi yang menyumbangkan keahliannya dalam memecahkan masalah yang berkaitan dengan sumber daya informasi maupun area operasi perusahaan lainnya.
Pendekatan dari perencanaan strategis sumber daya informasi diawali dengan strategy set transformation, yang kemudian menjadi strategic planning for information resources.
strategy set transformation
langkah I --> Kumpulan strategi organisasi, memuat: misi, tujuan, strategi, atribut strategi organisasi lainnya
Langkah II --> Management information system strategy set, memuat: tujuan, kendala, dan strategi rancangan sistem
Kelemahan dari pendekatan ini area-area fungsional tidak selalu memiliki sumber daya untuk menjamin tercapainya tujuan strategis perusahaan.
strategic planning for information resources
Pada pendekatan ini perencanaan strategis jasa informasi dengan perencanaan strategis perusahaan dikembangkan secara bersamaan. Rencana perusahaan mencerminkan dukungan yang dapat disediakan oleh jasa informasi, dan rencana jasa informasi mencerminkan dukungan sistem di masa depan.
Isi rencana strategis sumber daya informasi:
1. tujuan-tujuan yang akan dicapai oleh tiap-tiap subsistem CBIS (Computer Based information System) selama periode perncanaan
2. sumber daya informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut
End User Computing
Pemakai akhir dapat digolongkan menjadi empat tingkatan berdasarkan pengetahuannya:
* menu-level end-users
* command-level end-users
* end-users programmers
* functional support personnel
Manfaat end-user computing:
* pemindahan beban kerja
* mengurangi kesenjangan komunikasi
Resiko end user computing:
* sistem yang tidak tepat sasaran
* sistem yang tidak baik rancangan dan dokumentasinya
* penggunaan sumber daya informasi yang tidak efisien
* hilangnya integritas data
* hilangnya keamanan
Manajemen sumber daya informasi (MSDI)
Manajemen sumber daya informasi melibatkan semua manajer yang ada dalam perusahaan. MSDI dapat berkembang dengan kondisi:
1. perusahaan berusaha memanfaatkan informasi untuk mencapai keunggulan kompetitif
2. para eksekutif menyadari jasa informasi sebagai suatu area fungsional utama
3. CIO diterima dalam lingkungan elit eksekutif
4. dalam perencanaan strategis, eksekutif memperhatikan sumber daya informasi
5. adanya suatu rencana strategis sumber daya informasi yang formal
6. diperhatikannya masalah end-user computing
Copyright © 1998 Akademika WebSite by Muhamad Shiroth
All rights reserved.
111.11.1100011.10001110001.01001
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